The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Draft stage of the translated version)

THE BHARA TIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIY AM, 2023
NO. 47 OF 2023
[25th December ,2023.]
An Act to consolidate and to provide for general rules and principles of evidence
for fair trial.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Seventy-fourth Year of the Republic of India as
follows:—
PART I
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.(1) This Act may be called the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
(2) It applies to all judicial proceedings in or before any Court, including Courts-martial,
but not to affidavits presented to any Court or officer, nor to proceedings before an arbitrator.
Short title,
application and
commencement.
vlk/kkj.k
EXTRAORDINARY
Hkkx II — [k.M 1
PART II — Section 1
izkf/kdkj ls izdkf'kr
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
lañ 55] ubZ fnYyh] lkseokj] fnlEcj 25] 2023@ ikS"k 4] 1945 ¼'kd½
No. 55] NEW DELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2023/PAUSHA 4, 1945 (SAKA)
bl Hkkx esa fHkUu i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gS ftlls fd ;g vyx ladyu ds :i esa j[kk tk ldsA
Separate paging is given to this Part in order that it may be filed as a separate compilation.
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xxxGIDExxx
jftLVªh lañ Mhñ ,yñ —( ,u)04@0007@2003 — 23 REGISTERED NO. DL—(N)04/0007/2003—23
MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE
(Legislative Department)
New Delhi, the25th December,2023/Pausha4,1945 (Saka)
The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the
25th December, 2023 and is hereby published for general information:—
सी.जी.-डी.एल.-अ.-25122023-250882
CG-DL-E-25122023-250882
ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ ꯭ꯇꯔꯃ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.—(ꯑꯦꯟ)04/0007/2003 REGISTEREDNO.DL—(N)04/0007/2003
ꯁꯤ.ꯖꯤ.-ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.-ꯑꯤ.-25122023-250882
CG-DL-E-25122023-250882
ꯑꯦꯛꯁ ꯭ꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ
EXTRAORDINARY
ꯄꯥꯔꯠII—ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ1
PARTII—Section1
ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯅꯐꯣꯡꯕ
PUBLISHEDBYAUTHORITY
ꯃ.55]
No.55]
ꯅ ꯌꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ,ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ,ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ4,1945(ꯁꯀꯥ)
NEWDELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER25, 2023/PAUSHA4, 1945(SAKA)
ꯃꯁꯤꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯀꯝꯄꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯐꯥꯏꯜꯇꯧꯕꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯁꯤꯗꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯄꯦꯖꯤꯡꯄꯤ꯫
SeparatepagingisgiventothisPartinorderthatitmaybefiledasaseparatecompilation.
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯃꯟꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯂꯩ
(ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ ꯭ꯠꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ꯇ)
ꯅ ꯌꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ,ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ4,1945(ꯁꯀꯥ)
ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤꯑꯦꯛꯠꯑꯁꯤꯅꯏꯪ2023ꯒꯤꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ25ꯗꯔꯥꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯄꯇꯤꯒꯤꯑꯌꯥꯕꯐꯪꯈꯤ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯅꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯐꯣꯡꯏ:-
ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯥꯁꯛꯁ ꯭ꯌꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ,2023
ꯏꯪ2023ꯒꯤꯅꯝꯕꯔ47
[ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ25,2023]
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯑꯆꯝꯕꯆꯠꯅꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯄꯤꯅꯕꯑꯦꯛ ꯭ꯇ
ꯑꯃ꯫
ꯃꯁꯤꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯅꯔꯤꯄꯕ ꯭ꯂꯤꯛꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤꯆꯍꯤ74ꯁꯨꯕꯗꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:-
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ1
ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔI
ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯤꯂꯤꯃꯤꯅꯔꯤ
꯱.(꯱)ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯑꯦꯛꯠꯑꯁꯤꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯁꯛꯁ ꯭ꯌꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ,2023ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯧꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫
(꯲)ꯃꯁꯤꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯠ-ꯃꯥꯔꯁ ꯭ꯌꯦꯜꯌꯥꯎꯅꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ ꯭ꯌꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ
ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯑꯦꯐꯤꯗꯦꯕꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ
ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕꯊꯕꯛꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫
ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯃꯃꯤꯡ,
ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ
ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯄ꯫.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification
in the Official Gazette, appoint.
2.(1) In this Adhiniyam, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) "Court" includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except
arbitrators, legally authorised to take evidence;
(b) "conclusive proof" means when one fact is declared by this Adhiniyam to
be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the
other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving
it;
(c) "disproved" in relation to a fact, means when, after considering the matters
before it, the Court either believes that it does not exist, or considers its non-existence
so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case,
to act upon the supposition that it does not exist;
(d) "document" means any matter expressed or described or otherwise recorded
upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or any other means or by
more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the
purpose of recording that matter and includes electronic and digital records.
Illustrations.
(i) A writing is a document.
(ii) Words printed, lithographed or photographed are documents.
(iii) A map or plan is a document.
(iv) An inscription on a metal plate or stone is a document.
(v) A caricature is a document.
(vi) An electronic record on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptop
or smartphone, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail messages
stored on digital devices are documents;
(e) "evidence" means and includes—
(i) all statements including statements given electronically which the
Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses in relation to matters
of fact under inquiry and such statements are called oral evidence;
(ii) all documents including electronic or digital records produced for the
inspection of the Court and such documents are called documentary evidence;
(f) "fact" means and includes—
(i) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being
perceived by the senses;
(ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious.
Illustrations.
(i) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is
a fact.
(ii) That a person heard or saw something, is a fact.
(iii) That a person said certain words, is a fact.
Definitions.
2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2 ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ
(꯳)ꯃꯁꯤꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯭ꯔꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯭ꯌꯦꯜꯒꯖꯦꯠꯗꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯕꯇꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯗꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯀꯅꯤ꯫
꯲.(꯱)ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗ,ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯗ ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ,-
(a)"ꯀꯣꯔꯠ"ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯠꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇꯅ,
ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯂꯧꯅꯕꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ꯫
(b)"ꯀꯟꯀ ꯭ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯋꯦꯜꯄ ꯔꯞ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯕꯄ ꯔꯞꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ,ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯑꯗꯨꯅ,ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯄ ꯔꯞꯀꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯄ ꯔꯞꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯄ ꯔꯞꯄꯤꯅꯕꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫
(c)ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ"ꯌꯥꯗꯕ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ
ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕꯑꯁꯤ,ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯀꯦꯁꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ,ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯃꯅꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯑꯗꯨꯌꯥꯝꯅꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯕꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ꯫
(d)"ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ꯇ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯋꯥꯍꯩ,ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤꯍꯦꯟꯅꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯌꯥꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄꯣꯠꯑꯗꯨꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯄꯣꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ
ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯇꯧꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯗꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ
(i)ꯑꯏꯕꯑꯁꯤꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(ii)ꯅꯝꯂꯕ,ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇꯧꯔꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯇꯧꯔꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫
(iii)ꯃꯦꯞꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(iv)ꯙꯥꯃꯒꯤꯄ ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯅꯨꯡꯑꯃꯗꯍꯛꯇꯨꯅꯏꯕꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(v)ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(vi)ꯏꯃꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯑꯃ,ꯁꯔꯚꯔꯂꯣꯒꯁꯤꯡ,ꯀꯝꯄ ꯌꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ,ꯂꯦꯄꯇꯣꯞ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁ ꯭ꯇꯥꯐꯣꯔ ꯭ꯟ,ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ,ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ,ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ
ꯚꯣꯏꯁꯃꯦꯜꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫
(e)"ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ-
(i)ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯂꯩꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯄꯤꯕꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜꯑꯣꯏꯅꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯅꯋꯥꯐꯝꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯧꯋꯤ;
(ii)ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ ꯭ꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯅꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ
ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯧꯋꯤ꯫
(f)"ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ-
(i)ꯄꯣꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ,ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯐꯤꯕꯝ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ,ꯃꯕꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅꯈꯪꯕꯉꯝꯕ;
(ii)ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯂꯩꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ
(i)ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯐꯝꯑꯃꯗꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯅꯥꯏꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(ii)ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯑꯃꯇꯥꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯦꯡꯕꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(iii)ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯈꯔꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(iv) That a person holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good
faith, or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a
specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact;
(g) "facts in issue" means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or
in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any
right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily
follows.
Explanation.—Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being
in force relating tocivilprocedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be
asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue.
Illustrations.
A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial, the following facts may be in issue:—
(i) That A caused B's death.
(ii) That A intended to cause B's death.
(iii) That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B.
(iv) That A, at the time of doing the act which caused B's death, was, by reason
of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature;
(h) "may presume".—Whenever it is provided by this Adhiniyam that the Court
may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
disproved or may call for proof of it;
(i) "not proved".—A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor
disproved;
(j) "proved".—A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters
before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable
that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon
the supposition that it exists;
(k) "relevant".—A fact is said to be relevant to another when it is connected
with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Adhiniyam
relating to the relevancy of facts;
(l) "shall presume".—Whenever it is directed by this Adhiniyam that the
Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is
disproved.
(2) Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Information
Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the said Act and
Sanhitas.
PART II
CHAPTER II
R
ELEV ANCY OF FACTS
3.Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence
of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and
of no others.
Explanation.—This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact
which he is disentitled to prove by any provision of the law for the time being in force
relating to civil procedure.
Evidence may
be given of
facts in issue
and relevant
facts.
21 of 2000.
Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 3_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sec. 1] ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 3
2000ꯒꯤ21꯫
(iv)ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯃꯊꯝꯃꯤ,ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯃꯂꯩ,ꯑꯐꯕꯊꯥꯖꯕꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯋꯤ,
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯂꯥꯟꯅꯇꯧꯋꯤ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯑꯃꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯃꯗꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯑꯃꯗ
ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯈꯪꯂꯦ,ꯃꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(g)"ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ,ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯊꯟꯇꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ,ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯥꯗꯕ,ꯍꯛ,ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯂꯩꯕ,ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕ,ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄꯑꯗꯨꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨꯇꯥꯛꯄꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯈꯔꯒꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ,
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ ꯭ꯗꯇꯧꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ पाउखुमꯗꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ
AꯑꯁꯤBꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩ꯫ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯣꯏꯕꯌꯥꯏ:-
(i)AꯑꯁꯤꯅBꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤ꯫
(ii)AꯅBꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯈꯟꯈꯤ꯫
(iii)AꯅBꯗꯒꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯏꯊꯤꯜꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫
(iv)Aꯑꯗꯨꯅ,Bꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯊꯕꯛꯑꯗꯨꯇꯧꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ,ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯑꯣꯡꯃꯇꯧꯑꯗꯨꯈꯪꯕꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ꯫
(h)"ꯂꯧꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫"-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯂꯧꯕꯌꯥꯏꯍꯥꯏꯅꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯕꯌꯥꯏ,ꯃꯁꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯅꯕꯍꯥꯏꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ꯫
(i)"ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤ"꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯗ ꯭ꯔꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯥꯗꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯗꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯍꯥꯏ꯫
(j)"ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯇꯧꯔꯦ"꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯥꯗꯤ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯑꯗꯨꯅ
ꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯂꯩꯕꯑꯁꯤꯑꯗꯨꯛꯀꯤꯃꯇꯤꯛꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯕꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯀꯦꯁ
ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ,ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯇꯧꯋꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯍꯥꯏ꯫
(k)"ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ"꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈ ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ꯫
(l)"ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ"꯫-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯅꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯃꯁꯤꯌꯥꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯕꯐꯥꯎꯕ,ꯃꯁꯤ
ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫
(꯲)ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯑꯦꯛꯠ,2000,ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯅꯒꯔꯤꯛꯁꯨꯔꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ,2023ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯅ ꯭ꯌꯌ
ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ,2023ꯗꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯇꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯗꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯑꯦꯛꯠ
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯑꯔꯊꯁꯤꯡꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ꯫
ꯁꯔꯨꯛII
ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔII
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯑꯣꯡ
꯳.ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯂꯩꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯌꯥꯏꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯗꯃꯈꯥꯇꯥꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯃꯠꯇꯂꯩꯇꯦ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ꯫-ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯅꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯍꯛꯐꯪꯗꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯕꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫
ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ
ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫
Illustrations.
(a) A is tried for the murder of B by beating him with a club with the intention of
causing his death.
At A's trial the following facts are in issue:—
A's beating B with the club;
A's causing B's death by such beating;
A's intention to cause B's death.
(b) A suitor does not bring with him, and have in readiness for production at the first
hearing of the case, a bond on which he relies. This section does not enable him to produce
the bond or prove its contents at a subsequent stage of the proceedings, otherwise than in
accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
Closely connected facts
4.Facts which, though not in issue, are so connected with a fact in issue or a
relevant fact as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant, whether they occurred at
the same time and place or at different times and places.
Illustrations.
(a) A is accused of the murder of B by beating him. Whatever was said or done by A
or B or the bystanders at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of the
transaction, is a relevant fact.
(b) A is accused of waging war against the Government of India by taking part in an
armed insurrection in which property is destroyed, troops are attacked and jails are broken
open. The occurrence of these facts is relevant, as forming part of the general transaction,
though A may not have been present at all of them.
(c) A sues B for a libel contained in a letter forming part of a correspondence. Letters
between the parties relating to the subject out of which the libel arose, and forming part of
the correspondence in which it is contained, are relevant facts, though they do not contain
the libel itself.
(d) The question is, whether certain goods ordered from B were delivered to A. The
goods were delivered to several intermediate persons successively. Each delivery is a
relevant fact.
5.Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant
facts, or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened,
or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction, are relevant.
Illustrations.
(a) The question is, whether A robbed B. The facts that, shortly before the robbery,
B went to a fair with money in his possession, and that he showed it, or mentioned the fact
that he had it, to third persons, are relevant.
(b) The question is, whether A murdered B. Marks on the ground, produced by a
struggle at or near the place where the murder was committed, are relevant facts.
(c) The question is, whether A poisoned B. The state of B's health before the symptoms
ascribed to poison, and habits of B, known to A, which afforded an opportunity for the
administration of poison, are relevant facts.
6.(1) Any fact is relevant which shows or constitutes a motive or preparation for any
fact in issue or relevant fact.
Relevancy of
facts forming
part of same
transaction.
Facts which are
occasion, cause
or effect of
facts in issue or
relevant facts.
Motive,
preparation
and previous
or subsequent
conduct.
5 of 1908.
4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4 ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-
ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ
ꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨ꯫
ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯃꯔꯝ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯍꯩ
ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ,
ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)Aꯑꯁꯤꯕꯤꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞꯑꯃꯅꯊꯣꯝꯗꯨꯅꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ꯫
Aꯒꯤꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯄꯥꯟꯂꯤ:-
AꯅꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞꯅBꯕꯨꯐꯨꯔꯤ;
AꯅꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅꯐꯨꯗꯨꯅBꯕꯨꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤꯃꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫
AꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯤBꯕꯨꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ꯫
(b) ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯄꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯗ
ꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯗꯨꯅꯂꯩ,ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯕꯣꯟꯗꯑꯃꯂꯩ꯫ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯁꯤꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨꯀꯣꯗꯑꯣꯐ
ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔ,1908ꯅꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛꯑꯃꯗ
ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯑꯗꯨꯎꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯍꯟꯕꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫
ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯅꯛꯅꯕꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
꯴.ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇꯌꯥꯎꯗ ꯭ꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯃꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯆꯞꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃ
ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤ,ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯑꯁꯤꯆꯞꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯐꯝꯑꯃꯗꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)AꯑꯁꯤBꯕꯨꯌꯩꯗꯨꯅꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩ꯫Aꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒBꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯩꯗꯨꯅꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯌꯩꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ,
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯈꯔꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨꯁꯦꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯑꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
(b)Aꯑꯁꯤꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯄꯥꯏꯕꯂꯥꯜꯍꯧꯑꯃꯗꯁꯔꯨꯛꯌꯥꯗꯨꯅꯚꯥꯔꯠꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯂꯥꯟꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯈꯤꯃꯗꯨꯗ
ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ,ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯈꯤꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯀꯩꯁꯨꯝꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯗꯨꯅꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤ,ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇAꯌꯥꯎꯗ ꯭ꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(c)ꯀꯣꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯑꯃꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯆꯦꯑꯗꯨꯗꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛAꯅBꯕꯨꯁꯨꯇꯧꯕ꯫ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯑꯗꯨ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯍꯤꯔꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯗꯨꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕꯀꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ
ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ,ꯃꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯇꯨꯗꯤꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ꯫
(d)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,BꯗꯒꯤꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡAꯗꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯅꯥꯏꯅ
ꯃꯔꯛꯀꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯀꯌꯥꯗꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤ꯫ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯈꯨꯄꯤꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
꯵.ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ,ꯃꯔꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯩ,ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ,ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ
ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯑꯃꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,AꯅBꯕꯨꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯏꯀꯨꯏꯀꯨꯏꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ,Bꯅꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗꯁꯦꯜꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ
ꯃꯦꯂꯥꯑꯃꯗꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯗꯨꯎꯠꯈꯤ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯅꯗꯨꯌꯥꯎꯏꯍꯥꯏꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯨꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯗ
ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯦꯏ꯫
(b)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,AꯅBꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯨꯛꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯅꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ,ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯑꯗꯨꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤꯈꯨꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫
(c)ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ,ꯑꯦꯅꯕꯤꯗꯍꯨꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯕꯤꯒꯤꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯅꯍꯨꯄꯤꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯕꯤꯒꯤ
ꯍꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯕꯝ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯑꯦꯅꯈꯡꯅꯔꯕꯕꯤꯒꯤꯁꯥꯖꯠꯁꯤꯡ,ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯍꯨꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕꯑꯃꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ,ꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫
꯶.(꯱)ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯅꯕꯑꯃꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯁꯦꯝꯁꯥꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(2) The conduct of any party, or of any agent to any party, to any suit or proceeding,
in reference to such suit or proceeding, or in reference to any fact in issue therein or relevant
thereto, and the conduct of any person, an offence against whom is the subject of any
proceeding, is relevant, if such conduct influences or is influenced by any fact in issue or
relevant fact, and whether it was previous or subsequent thereto.
Explanation1.—The word "conduct" in this section does not include statements,
unless those statements accompany and explain acts other than statements; but this
explanation is not to affect the relevancy of statements under any other section of this
Adhiniyam.
Explanation2.—When the conduct of any person is relevant, any statement made to
him or in his presence and hearing, which affects such conduct, is relevant.
Illustrations.
(a) A is tried for the murder of B. The facts that A murdered C, that B knew that A had
murdered C, and that B had tried to extort money from A by threatening to make his knowledge
public, are relevant.
(b) A sues B upon a bond for the payment of money. B denies the making of the
bond. The fact that, at the time when the bond was alleged to be made, B required money for
a particular purpose, is relevant.
(c) A is tried for the murder of B by poison. The fact that, before the death of B, A
procured poison similar to that which was administered to B, is relevant.
(d) The question is, whether a certain document is the will of A. The facts that, not
long before, the date of the alleged will, A made inquiry into matters to which the provisions
of the alleged will relate; that he consulted advocates in reference to making the will, and
that he caused drafts of other wills to be prepared, of which he did not approve, are relevant.
(e) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, either before, or at the time of, or after the
alleged crime, A provided evidence which would tend to give to the facts of the case an
appearance favourable to himself, or that he destroyed or concealed evidence, or prevented
the presence or procured the absence of persons who might have been witnesses, or
suborned persons to give false evidence respecting it, are relevant.
(f) The question is, whether A robbed B. The facts that, after B was robbed, C said in
A's presence—"the police are coming to look for the person who robbed B", and that
immediately afterwards A ran away, are relevant.
(g) The question is, whether A owes B ten thousand rupees. The facts that A asked
C to lend him money, and that D said to C in A's presence and hearing—"I advise you not
to trust A, for he owes B ten thousand rupees", and that A went away without making any
answer, are relevant facts.
(h) The question is, whether A committed a crime. The fact that A absconded, after
receiving a letter, warning A that inquiry was being made for the criminal, and the contents
of the letter, are relevant.
(i) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, after the commission of the alleged crime,
A absconded, or was in possession of property or the proceeds of property acquired by the
crime, or attempted to conceal things which were or might have been used in committing it,
are relevant.
(j) The question is, whether A was raped. The fact that, shortly after the alleged rape,
A made a complaint relating to the crime, the circumstances under which, and the terms in
which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that, without making a complaint, A
said that A had been raped is not relevant as conduct under this section, though it may be
relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as corroborative evidence
under section 160.
Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 5_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sec. 1] ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 5
(꯲)ꯈꯨꯠꯄꯨꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯈꯨꯠꯄꯨꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ,ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ,ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯍꯤꯔꯝꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯃꯔꯥꯜꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ
ꯑꯁꯤ,ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯁꯤꯅꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯏꯊꯤꯜꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯊꯤꯜꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ꯱.-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯗ"ꯀꯟꯗꯛꯠ"ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁ ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ,ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁ ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ
ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯁ ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯇ ꯭ꯔꯕꯗꯤ; ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ
ꯁ ꯭ꯄ ꯭ꯂꯦꯟꯦꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯅꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯂꯩꯕꯁ ꯭ꯇꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯗꯤꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯦ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ꯲-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯒꯤꯁꯥꯖꯠꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯂꯩꯔꯕꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ
ꯇꯥꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ,ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯁꯥꯖꯠꯑꯗꯨꯗꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯄꯤ,ꯃꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)AꯁꯤBꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯗꯤAꯅCꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤAꯅCꯕꯨꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕBꯅꯈꯪꯂꯝꯃꯤ,
ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡBꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯈꯪꯖꯕꯑꯗꯨꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯀꯤꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅAꯗꯒꯤꯁꯦꯜꯂꯧꯅꯕꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(b)ꯁꯦꯜꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯕꯣꯟꯗꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯊꯛꯇAꯅBꯒꯤꯃꯊꯛꯇꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫Bꯅꯕꯣꯟꯗꯑꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯦ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤꯕꯣꯟꯗꯑꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗ,Bꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯁꯦꯜꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(c)AꯑꯁꯤBꯕꯨꯍꯨꯄꯤꯖꯗꯨꯅꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯇꯧꯋꯤ꯫Bꯁꯤꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ,BꯗꯄꯤꯖꯈꯤꯕꯍꯨꯗꯨꯒꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕAꯅꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ
ꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ꯫
(d)ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯑꯃꯅA.ꯒꯤꯋꯤꯜꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯔꯕꯋꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯇꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯝꯀꯨꯏꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗA.ꯅꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯔꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ;ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯋꯤꯜꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯋꯥꯔꯤꯁꯥꯅꯈꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ
ꯗ ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡꯁꯦꯝꯍꯟꯈꯤ,ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ,ꯃꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(e)Aꯑꯁꯤꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩ꯫ꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,Aꯅꯀꯦꯁꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯃꯍꯥꯛꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯄꯨꯆꯨꯅꯕꯃꯑꯣꯡꯑꯃꯄꯤꯅꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯂꯣꯠꯇꯨꯅ
ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯐꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯅꯕꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ,ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(f)ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,AꯅBꯕꯨꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫Bꯅꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,CꯅAꯒꯤꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ"ꯄꯨꯂꯤꯁꯅBꯕꯨꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ
ꯑꯗꯨꯊꯤꯅꯕꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ"ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯊꯨꯅAꯅꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(g)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,Aꯅꯕꯤꯒꯤꯂꯨꯄꯥꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤAꯅCꯗꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗꯁꯦꯜꯄꯤꯅꯕꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡDꯅCꯗAꯈꯪꯅꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯇꯥꯅꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ-"ꯑꯩꯅꯅꯉꯣꯟꯗAꯕꯨꯊꯥꯖꯗꯅꯕꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ,ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅB
ꯒꯤꯂꯨꯄꯥꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡꯇꯔꯥꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ,"ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡAꯅꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝꯑꯃꯠꯇꯄꯤꯗꯅꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫
(h)ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,ꯑꯦꯅꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯑꯦꯅꯆꯤꯊꯤꯑꯃꯐꯪꯂꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,ꯑꯦꯕꯨꯀ ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥꯄꯤꯔꯗꯨꯅꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯆꯤꯊꯤꯑꯗꯨꯗꯌꯥꯎꯕꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(i)Aꯑꯁꯤꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯈ ꯭ꯔꯦ꯫ꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,Aꯑꯃꯅꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝ
ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯤꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨꯅꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯂꯟ-ꯊꯨꯝꯒꯤꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯗꯨꯇꯧꯕꯗꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ
ꯌꯥꯕꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯠꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(j)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤAꯁꯤꯏꯖꯠꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯏꯖꯠꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯅꯔꯤꯕꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯑꯊꯨꯕꯗ,Aꯅꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯗꯨꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯀꯠꯑꯃꯄꯤꯈꯤ,ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯇꯥꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨꯗꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯋꯥꯀꯠꯑꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯑꯃ
ꯄꯤꯗꯅ,AꯅAꯕꯨꯏꯖꯠꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯀꯟꯗꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ,ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ
ꯀ ꯭ꯂꯣꯖ(a)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯁꯤꯕꯌꯥꯕꯗꯤꯀ ꯭ꯂꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ
ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯚꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫
(k) The question is, whether A was robbed. The fact that, soon after the alleged
robbery, A made a complaint relating to the offence, the circumstances under which, and the
terms in which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that A said he had been
robbed, without making any complaint, is not relevant, as conduct under this section,
though it may be relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as
corroborative evidence under section 160.
7.Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which
support or rebut an inference suggested by a fact in issue or a relevant fact, or which
establish the identity of anything, or person whose identity, is relevant, or fix the time or
place at which any fact in issue or relevant fact happened, or which show the relation of
parties by whom any such fact was transacted, are relevant in so far as they are necessary
for that purpose.
Illustrations.
(a) The question is, whether a given document is the will of A. The state of A's
property and of his family at the date of the alleged will may be relevant facts.
(b) A sues B for a libel imputing disgraceful conduct to A; B affirms that the matter
alleged to be libellous is true. The position and relations of the parties at the time when the
libel was published may be relevant facts as introductory to the facts in issue. The particulars
of a dispute between A and B about a matter unconnected with the alleged libel are irrelevant,
though the fact that there was a dispute may be relevant if it affected the relations between
A and B.
(c) A is accused of a crime. The fact that, soon after the commission of the crime, A
absconded from his house, is relevant under section 6, as conduct subsequent to and
affected by facts in issue. The fact that, at the time when he left home, A had sudden and
urgent business at the place to which he went, is relevant, as tending to explain the fact that
he left home suddenly. The details of the business on which he left are not relevant, except
in so far as they are necessary to show that the business was sudden and urgent.
(d) A sues B for inducing C to break a contract of service made by him with A. C, on
leaving A's service, says to A—"I am leaving you because B has made me a better offer".
This statement is a relevant fact as explanatory of C's conduct, which is relevant as a fact in
issue.
(e) A, accused of theft, is seen to give the stolen property to B, who is seen to give it
to A's wife. B says as he delivers it—"A says you are to hide this". B's statement is relevant
as explanatory of a fact which is part of the transaction.
(f) A is tried for a riot and is proved to have marched at the head of a mob. The cries of
the mob are relevant as explanatory of the nature of the transaction.
8.Where there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have
conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong, anything said, done or
written by any one of such persons in reference to their common intention, after the time
when such intention was first entertained by any one of them, is a relevant fact as against
each of the persons believed to be so conspiring, as well for the purpose of proving the
existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a party
to it.
Illustration.
Reasonable ground exists for believing that A has joined in a conspiracy to wage war
against the State.
The facts that B procured arms in Europe for the purpose of the conspiracy, C collected
money in Kolkata for a like object, D persuaded persons to join the conspiracy in Mumbai,
E published writings advocating the object in view at Agra, and F transmitted from Delhi to
Facts
necessary to
explain or
introduce fact
in issue or
relevant facts.
Things said or
done by
conspirator in
reference to
common
design.
6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6 ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II-
ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯛ
ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯀꯃꯟ
ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯔꯤꯕ
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(k)ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,Aꯑꯁꯤꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,ꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯊꯨꯅ,Aꯅꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯗꯨꯒ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯀꯠꯑꯃꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ,ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ꯂꯦꯟꯠꯑꯗꯨꯇꯧꯕꯗꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫Aꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨꯂꯨꯠꯇꯧꯕꯤꯈ ꯭ꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅ,ꯀꯝꯄ ꯭ꯂꯦꯟꯠꯑꯃꯠꯇꯄꯤꯗꯅꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤ,ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ
ꯀ ꯭ꯂꯣꯖ(a)ꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯗꯥꯏꯏꯡꯗꯤꯀ ꯭ꯂꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯀꯟꯐꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯕꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ꯫
꯷.ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯗꯂꯩꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯎꯠꯅꯕꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕ,
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯁꯧꯒꯠꯄꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯌꯥꯗꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯁꯛ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯛꯈꯡꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯗꯨꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯃꯇꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯈꯨꯠꯄꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯑꯗꯨꯎꯠꯄ,ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕꯐꯥꯎꯕ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯭ꯇꯑꯃꯅAꯒꯤꯋꯤꯜꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫Aꯂꯟꯊꯨꯝꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯏꯃꯨꯡꯃꯅꯨꯡꯑꯗꯨ
ꯄꯟꯂꯤꯕꯋꯤꯜꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯇꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯣꯏꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫
(b)AꯅAꯗꯂꯥꯟꯅꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯑꯃꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛBꯗꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ;Bꯅꯂꯥꯏꯕꯛꯊꯤꯕꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤ
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏꯅꯆꯦꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯏꯁꯨꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯏꯅꯇ ꯭ꯔꯣꯗꯛꯇꯔꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯑꯣꯏꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗAꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡBꯒꯤꯃꯔꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯃꯒꯤꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ,ꯑꯗꯨꯝꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ
ꯃꯁꯤꯅAꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡBꯒꯤꯃꯔꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯑꯃꯂꯩꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯣꯏꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫
(c)Aꯑꯁꯤꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯈꯤ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,ꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨꯇꯧꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯊꯨꯅ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯌꯨꯝꯗꯒꯤ
ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕAꯑꯁꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ6ꯀꯤꯃꯈꯥꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ,ꯃꯁꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ
ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯌꯨꯝꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,Aꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯃꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯅꯊꯕꯛꯂꯩꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯌꯨꯝꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤꯃꯑꯣꯡꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯀꯔꯕꯥꯔꯗꯨꯒꯤꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯃꯔꯣꯜꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨ,ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯂꯂꯣꯟꯏꯇꯤꯛ
ꯑꯗꯨꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨꯎꯠꯄꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩꯅꯠꯇꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ꯫
(d)AꯅCꯕꯨAꯒꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁꯀꯟꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯑꯃꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕꯤBꯗꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫Cꯅ,Aꯒꯤꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁꯇꯨꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯍꯥꯏ-"ꯑꯩꯅꯅꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤBꯅꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗꯍꯦꯟꯅꯐꯅꯕꯑꯃꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯅꯤ"꯫
ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯁꯤꯒꯤꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ,ꯃꯁꯤꯋꯥꯐꯝ
ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(e)ꯍꯨꯕꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩꯕAꯅꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕꯄꯣꯠꯑꯗꯨBꯗꯄꯤꯕꯎꯕꯐꯪꯉꯤ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯗꯨAꯒꯤꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯗꯄꯤꯕꯎꯕꯐꯪꯉꯤ꯫Bꯅꯃꯗꯨꯄꯤꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯍꯥꯏ-"Aꯅꯅꯪꯂꯣꯠꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤꯍꯥꯏ"꯫Bꯒꯤꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯒꯤ
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
(f)Aꯑꯁꯤꯏꯔꯥꯡꯑꯃꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯩꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯑꯣꯏ꯫ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯤꯔꯥꯎꯈꯣꯜꯑꯁꯤꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯖꯦꯁꯛꯁꯟꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯑꯣꯡꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ
ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
꯸.ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯅꯤꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤꯍꯦꯟꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯄꯨꯟꯅꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯕꯛꯇꯧꯕꯌꯥꯕꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯑꯃꯇꯧꯅꯕ
ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯇꯧꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯒꯤꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯃꯔꯝꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ,ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ
ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ,ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯏꯈꯤꯕꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯑꯁꯤ,ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤꯃꯔꯛꯇꯑꯃꯅꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯑꯁꯤꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯑꯣꯏꯅꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ
ꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ,ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯇꯧꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯤ,
ꯃꯁꯤꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯃꯁꯤꯗꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ
ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯑꯃꯁꯨꯅꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ꯫
Aꯅꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯂꯥꯟꯍꯧꯅꯕꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯑꯃꯗꯁꯔꯨꯛꯌꯥꯈ ꯭ꯔꯦꯍꯥꯏꯅꯊꯥꯖꯕꯌꯥꯕꯃꯔꯝꯂꯩ꯫
Bꯅꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ,Cꯅꯆꯞꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯊꯕꯛꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗꯁꯦꯜ
ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ,Dꯅꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨꯃꯨꯝꯕꯥꯏꯗꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯗꯁꯔꯨꯛꯌꯥꯅꯕꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ,Eꯅꯑꯥꯒ ꯭ꯔꯥꯒꯤꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗꯄꯣꯠꯇꯨꯕꯨ
ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯗꯨꯅꯑꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗCꯅꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡHꯅꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ
ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅꯏꯈꯤꯕꯆꯤꯊꯤꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨFꯅꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗꯒꯤGꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯨꯔꯗꯄꯤꯈꯤ,ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ,ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯑꯁꯤ
ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯅꯕ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤꯗAꯒꯤꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯄ ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟꯄꯤꯅꯕꯅꯤ,
G at Singapore the money which C had collected at Kolkata, and the contents of a letter
written by H giving an account of the conspiracy, are each relevant, both to prove the
existence of the conspiracy, and to prove A's complicity in it, although he may have been
ignorant of all of them, and although the persons by whom they were done were strangers
to him, and although they may have taken place before he joined the conspiracy or after he
left it.
9.Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant—
(1) if they are inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant fact;
(2) if by themselves or in connection with other facts they make the existence or
non-existence of any fact in issue or relevant fact highly probable or improbable.
Illustrations.
(a) The question is, whether A committed a crime at Chennai on a certain day.
The fact that, on that day, A was at Ladakh is relevant. The fact that, near the time
when the crime was committed, A was at a distance from the place where it was
committed, which would render it highly improbable, though not impossible, that he
committed it, is relevant.
(b) The question is, whether A committed a crime. The circumstances are such
that the crime must have been committed either by A, B, C or D. Every fact which
shows that the crime could have been committed by no one else, and that it was not
committed by either B, C or D, is relevant.
10.In suits in which damages are claimed, any fact which will enable the Court to
determine the amount of damages which ought to be awarded, is relevant.
11.Where the question is as to the existence of any right or custom, the following
facts are relevant—
(a) any transaction by which the right or custom in question was created,
claimed, modified, recognised, asserted or denied, or which was inconsistent with its
existence;
(b) particular instances in which the right or custom was claimed, recognised
or exercised, or in which its exercise was disputed, asserted or departed from.
Illustration.
The question is, whether A has a right to a fishery. A deed conferring the fishery on
A's ancestors, a mortgage of the fishery by A's father, a subsequent grant of the fishery by
A's father, irreconcilable with the mortgage, particular instances in which A's father exercised
the right, or in which the exercise of the right was stopped by A's neighbours, are relevant
facts.
12.Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge,
good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or goodwill towards any particular person, or
showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence
of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling is in issue or relevant.
Explanation1.—A fact relevant as showing the existence of a relevant state of mind
must show that the state of mind exists, not generally, but in reference to the particular
matter in question.
Explanation2.—But where, upon the trial of a person accused of an offence, the
previous commission by the accused of an offence is relevant within the meaning of this
section, the previous conviction of such person shall also be a relevant fact.
When facts
not otherwise
relevant
become
relevant.
Facts tending
to enable Court
to determine
amount are
relevant in suits
for damages.
Facts relevant
when right or
custom is in
question.
Facts showing
existence of
state of mind,
or of body or
bodily feeling.
Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 7_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sec. 1] ꯗꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠꯑꯣꯐꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯥꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ 7
ꯑꯗꯨꯝꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯈꯣꯏꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯈꯪꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕꯌꯥꯏ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯈꯪꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕꯑꯗꯨꯗꯌꯥꯎꯗ ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈ ꯭ꯔꯕꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ
ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕꯌꯥꯏ꯫
꯹.ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯇꯥꯗꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ-
(꯱)ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯈꯣꯏꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ;
(꯲)ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅꯃꯁꯥꯃꯊꯟꯇꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨꯂꯩꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯂꯩꯗꯕꯑꯁꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ꯫
(a)ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ,Aꯅꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯑꯃꯗꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫
ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯑꯗꯨꯗAꯑꯁꯤꯂꯗꯥꯈꯇꯂꯩꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅꯩ꯫ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,ꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯃꯇꯝꯑꯗꯨ
ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ,Aꯑꯁꯤꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯃꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤꯂꯥꯞꯅꯂꯩꯈꯤ,ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨꯌꯥꯝꯅꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄꯌꯥꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ,ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯑꯣꯏꯗ ꯭ꯔꯕꯁꯨ,ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯃꯁꯤꯇꯧꯈꯤꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅꯩ꯫
(b)ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,Aꯅꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯃꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨA,B,Cꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯗꯤꯅ
ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ꯫ꯀ ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯝꯑꯗꯨꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯑꯃꯅꯇꯧꯔꯝꯗꯕꯌꯥꯏ,ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡꯃꯁꯤB,Cꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒDꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅꯇꯧꯗ ꯭ꯔꯦ
ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
꯱꯰.ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤꯋꯥꯐꯝꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ,ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅꯄꯤꯕꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯕꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤꯆꯥꯡꯑꯗꯨꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
꯱꯱.ꯍꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ,ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ-
(a)ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕꯍꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯑꯗꯨꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ,ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ,ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯇꯧꯕ,ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕ,ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯌꯥꯗꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯂꯩꯕꯒꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕꯊꯕꯛꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;
(b)ꯍꯛꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯑꯗꯨꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ,ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯊꯕꯛꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ
ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ,ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯟ꯫
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ,Aꯒꯤꯉꯥꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤꯍꯛꯂꯩꯕ ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫Aꯒꯤꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯉꯥꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤꯑꯌꯥꯕꯄꯤꯕꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯑꯃ,Aꯒꯤꯃꯄꯥꯅꯉꯥ
ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯃ,Aꯒꯤꯃꯄꯥꯅꯃꯇꯨꯡꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯑꯣꯏꯅꯉꯥꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯑꯃ,ꯃꯣꯔ ꯭ꯒꯦꯖꯑꯗꯨꯒꯁꯝꯅꯕꯌꯥꯗꯕ,Aꯒꯤꯃꯄꯥꯅꯍꯛ
ꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒAꯒꯤꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯍꯛꯑꯗꯨꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯑꯁꯤꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫
꯱꯲.ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ,ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯑꯣꯏꯅꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ,ꯈꯡꯕ,ꯑꯐꯕꯊꯥꯖꯕ,
ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ,ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯊꯨꯅꯇꯧꯕ,ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯑꯐꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯂꯩꯕ,ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ
ꯐꯤꯕꯝꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯑꯗꯨꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤ,ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯂꯩꯕꯑꯁꯤꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯂꯩꯕꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ꯱-ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯐꯤꯚꯝꯑꯃꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯎꯠꯄꯒꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯅꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤꯐꯤꯕꯝꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯂꯩꯇꯦ,ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯁꯤꯗꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯂꯩꯍꯥꯏꯅꯎꯠꯄꯃꯊꯧꯇꯥꯏ꯫
ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯇꯥꯛꯄ꯲-ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨꯃꯔꯥꯜꯑꯃꯒꯤꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯗꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯆꯠꯊꯕꯃꯇꯝꯗ,ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯂꯩꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯃꯅꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ
ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯊꯕꯛꯑꯁꯤꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯑꯔꯊꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ,ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯑꯗꯨꯗꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯃꯔꯥꯜ
ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯑꯗꯨꯁꯨꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯋꯥꯐꯝꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ꯫
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯑꯗꯨꯃꯔꯤ
ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ
ꯃꯇꯝꯗ꯫
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ
ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ
ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ
ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ
ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ
ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫
ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ
ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯛꯄꯃꯇꯝꯗ
ꯃꯔꯤꯂꯩꯅꯕꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ,
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ
ꯅꯠꯇ ꯭ꯔꯒ
ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ
ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ
ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ
ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫
Illustrations.
(a) A is accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. It is proved that
he was in possession of a particular stolen article. The fact that, at the same time, he was in
possession of many other stolen articles is relevant, as tending to show that he knew each
and all of the articles of which he was in possession to be stolen.
(b) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to another person a counterfeit currency
which, at the time when he delivered it, he knew to be counterfeit. The fact that, at the time
of its delivery, A was possessed of a number of other pieces of counterfeit currency is
relevant. The fact that A had been previously convicted of delivering to another person as
genuine a counterfeit currency knowing it to be counterfeit is relevant.
(c) A sues B for damage done by a dog of B's, which B knew to be ferocious. The fact
that the dog had previously bitten X, Y and Z, and that they had made complaints to B, are
relevant.
(d) The question is, whether A, the acceptor of a bill of exchange, knew that the name
of the payee was fictitious. The fact that A had accepted other bills drawn in the same
manner before they could have been transmitted to him by the payee if the payee had been
a real person, is relevant, as showing that A knew that the payee was a fictitious person.
(e) A is accused of defaming B by publishing an imputation intended to harm the
reputation of B. The fact of previous publications by A respecting B, showing ill-will on the
part of A towards B is relevant, as proving A's intention to harm B's reputation by the
particular publication in question. The facts that there was no previous quarrel between A
and B, and that A repeated the matter complained of as he heard it, are relevant, as showing
that A did not intend to harm the reputation of B.
(f) A is sued by B for fraudulently representing to B that C was solvent, whereby B,
being induced to trust C, who was insolvent, suffered loss. The fact that, at the time when
A represented C to be solvent, C was supposed to be solvent by his neighbours and by
persons dealing with him, is relevant, as showing that A made the representation in good
faith.
(g) A is sued by B for the price of work done by B, upon a house of which A is owner,
by the order of C, a contractor. A's defence is that B's contract was with C. The fact that A
paid C for the work in question is relevant, as proving that A did, in good faith, make over to
C the management of the work in question, so that C was in a position to contract with B on
C's own account, and not as agent for A.
(h) A is accused of the dishonest misappropriation of property which he had found,
and the question is whether, when he appropriated it, he believed in good faith that the real
owner could not be found. The fact that public notice of the loss of the property had been
given in the place where A was, is relevant, as showing that A did not in good faith believe
that the real owner of the property could not be found. The fact that A knew, or had reason
to believe, that the notice was given fraudulently by C, who had heard of the loss of the
property and wished to set up a false claim to it, is relevant, as showing that the fact that A
knew of the notice did not disprove A's good faith.
(i) A is charged with shooting at B with intent to kill him. In order to show A's intent,
the fact of A's having previously shot at B may be proved.
(j) A is charged with sending threatening letters to B. Threatening letters previously
sent by A to B may be proved, as showing the intention of the letters.
(k) The question is, whether A has been guilty of cruelty towards B, his wife.
Expressions of their feeling towards each other shortly before or after the alleged cruelty are
relevant facts.
(l) The question is, whether A's death was caused by poison. Statements made by A
during his illness as to his symptoms are relevant facts.
8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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