The Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878

Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878 
(ACT NO. VI OF 1878 1) 
(12 th  February 1878) 
An Act to amend the law relating to Treasure Trove 
[As modified upto the 1 st  September, 1949] 
 
 WHEREAS it is expedient to amend the law relating to Treasure-trove;  
 
 It is hereby enacted as follows: -- 
Preliminary 
 
1. Short title.—This Act may be called the Indian Treasure-trove Act, 1878. 
 
 Extent.—It extends to 
2[all the provinces of India]. 
 
* 3   *    *    * 
   *    * 
2. [Repeal of enactments.] Rep. by the Amending Act, 1891 (XII of 1891) 
 
3. Interpretation clause .—In this Act— 
 
“treasure”  means anything of any value hidden in the soil, or in anything 
affixed thereto: 
 
“Collector”  means (1) any Revenue-officer in independent charge of a district, 
and (2) any officer appointed by the 
4[Provincial Government] to perform the functions 
of a Collector under this Act. 
 
When any person is entitled, under any reservation in an instrument of transfer 
of any land or thing affixed thereto, to treasure in such land or thing, he shall, for the 
purposes of this Act, be deemed to be the owner of such land or thing. 
 
Procedure on finding Treasure 
4.  Notice by finder of treasure .—Whenever any treasure exceeding in amount or 
value ten rupees is found, the finder shall, as soon as practicable, give to the 
Collector notice in writing— 
 
(a) of the nature and amount or approximate value of such treasure; 
(b) of the place in which it was found; 
                                                
1 For The statement of Objects and Reasons, see Gazette of India, 1876, Pt. V, P. 1403 for discussions in Council, see ibid  Supplement pp. 
1288 and 1326; ibid . 1878, pp. 207 and 287. 
 
This Act has been declared to be in force in Sonthal Parganas by the Sonthal Parganas Settlement Regulation (3 of 1872), s.3. 
 
Khondmals District by the Khondmals Laws Regulation, 1936 (4 of 1936), s. 3 and Sch and  
 
Angul District by the Angul Laws Regulation, 1936 (5 of 1936), s.3 and Sch. 
 
It has also been declared by notification under s.3 (a) of the Scheduled Districts Act, 1874 ( 14 of 1874) to be in force in the Scheduled 
Districts of Hazaribagh, Lohardaga and Manbhum and Pargana Dhalbhum and the Kolhan in the District of Singhbhum—see  Gazette of 
India, 1881, Pt. I, p. 504.  (The District of Lohardaga included at that time the present District of Palaman, which was separated in 1894: 
Lohardaga is now called the Ranchi District: see Calcutta Gazette, 1899, Pt. I, p. 44). 
 
2 These words were substituted for the words “the whole of British India” by the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Central Acts and 
Ordinances) Order, 1948. 
 
3 The words “And it shall come into force at once” were repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1914 (10 of 1914). 
 
4 These words were substituted by the words “Local Government” by the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937. 
(c) of the date of the finding: 
 
and either deposit the treasure in the nearest Government Treasury, or give the 
Collector such security as the Collector thinks fit, to produce the treasure at such 
time and place as be may from time to time require. 
 
5.  Notification requiring claimants to appear .—On receiving a notice under section 
4, the Collector shall, after making such enquiry (if any) as he thinks fit, to take the 
following steps (namely):- 
 
a) he shall publish a notification in such manner as the 
1[Provincial Government] 
from time to time prescribes in this behalf, to the effect that, on a certain 
date (mentioning it) certain treasure (mentioning its nature; amount and 
approximate value) was found in a certain place (mentioning it); and 
requiring all persons claiming the treasure, or any part thereof, to appear 
personally or by agent before the Collector on a day and at a place therein 
mentioned, such day not being earlier than four months, or later than six 
months, after the date of the publication of such notification; 
 
b) when the place in which the treasure appears to the Collector to have been 
found was at the date of the finding in the possession of some person other 
than the finder, the Collector shall also serve on such person a special notice 
in writing to the same effect. 
 
6.  Forfeiture of right on failure to appear.—Any person having any right to such 
treasure or any part thereof, as owner of the place in which it was found or otherwise, 
and not appearing as required by the notification issued under section 5, shall forfeit 
such right. 
 
7.  Matters to be enquired into and determined by the Collector.—On the day 
notified under section 5, the Collector shall cause the treasure to be produced before 
him, and shall enquire as to and determine— 
 
a)  the person by whom, the place in which, and the circumstances under which, 
such treasure was found; and 
 
b)  as far as is possible, the person by whom, and the circumstances under 
which, such treasure was hidden. 
 
8.  Time to be allowed for suit by person claiming the treasure.—If, upon an 
enquiry made under section 7, the Collector sees reason to believe that the treasure 
was hidden, within one hundred years before the date of the finding, by a person 
appearing as required by the said notification and claiming such treasure, or by some 
other person under whom such person claims, the Collector shall make an order 
adjourning the hearing of the case for such period as he deems sufficient, to allow of a 
suit being instituted in the Civil Court by the claimant, to establish his right. 
 
9.  When treasure may be declared ownerless.—If upon such enquiry the Collector 
sees no reason to believe that the treasure was so hidden; or  
 
if, where a period is fixed under section 8, no suit is instituted as aforesaid within 
such period to the knowledge of the Collector; or  
 
If such suit is instituted within such period, and the plaintiff’s claim is finally 
rejected,  
 
                                                
1 These words were substituted for the words “Local Government” by the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937. 
The collector may declare the treasure to be ownerless.  
 
Appeal against such declaration - Any person aggrieved by a declaration 
made under this section may appeal against the same within two months from 
the date thereof to the Chief Controlling Revenue-authority.  
 
Subject to such appeal, every such declaration shall be final and conclusive. 
 
10.  Proceedings subsequent to declaration.—When a declaration has been made in 
respect of any treasure under section 9, such treasure shall, in accordance with the 
provisions hereinafter contained, either be delivered to the finder thereof, or be divided 
between him and the owner of the place in which it has been found in manner 
hereinafter provided. 
 
11.  When no other person claims as owner of place, treasure to be given to 
finder.—When a declaration has been made in respect of any treasure as aforesaid, and 
no person other than the finder of such treasure has appeared as required by the 
notification published under section 5 and claimed a share of the treasure as owner of 
the place in which it has been found, the Collector shall deliver such treasure to the 
finder thereof. 
 
12.  When only one such person claims and his claim is not disputed, 
treasure to be divided, and shares to be delivered to parties.—When a declaration 
has been made as aforesaid in respect of any treasure, and only one person other than 
the finder of such treasure has so appeared and claimed, and the claim of such person 
is not disputed by the finder, the Collector shall proceed to divide the treasure between 
the finder and the person so claiming according to the following rule (namely):— 
 
If the finder and the person so claiming have not entered into any agreement 
then in force as to the disposal of the treasure, three-fourths of the treasure shall be 
allotted to such finder and the residue to such person.  If which finder and such person 
have entered into any such agreement, the treasure shall be disposed of in accordance 
therewith: 
 
Provided that the Collector may, in any case, if he thinks fit, instead of dividing 
any treasure as directed by this section.— 
 
(a) allot to either party the whole or more than his share of such treasure, on 
such party paying to the Collector for the other party such sum of money as 
the Collector may fix as the equivalent of the share of such other party, or 
of the excess so allotted, as the case may be; or 
 
(b) sell such treasure or any portion thereof by public auction and divide the 
sale-proceeds between the parties according to the rule hereinbefore 
prescribed: 
 
Provided also that, when the Collector has by his declaration under section 9 
rejected any claim made under this Act by any person other than the said finder or 
person claiming as owner of the place in which the treasure was found, such division 
shall not be made until after the expiration of two months without an appeal having 
been presented under section 9 by the person whose claim has been so rejected, or 
when an appeal has been so presented, after such appeal has been dismissed. 
 
When the Collector has made a division under this section, he shall deliver to the 
parties the portions of such treasure, or the money in lieu  thereof, to which they are 
respectively entitled under such division. 
 
13.  In case of dispute as to ownership, proceeding to be stayed.—When a 
declaration has been made as aforesaid in respect of any treasure and two or more 
persons have appeared as aforesaid and each of them claimed as owner of the place 
where such treasure was found, or the right of any person who has so appeared and 
claimed is disputed by the finder of such treasure, the Collector shall retain such 
treasure and shall make an order staying his proceedings with a view to the matter 
being enquired into and determined by a Civil Court. 
 
14.  Settlement of such dispute.—Any person who has so appeared and claimed 
may, within one month from the date of such order, institute a suit in the Civil Court to 
obtain a decree declaring his right; and in every such suit the finder of the treasure and 
all persons disputing such claim before the Collector shall be made defendants. 
 
15.  and division thereupon.—If any such suit is instituted and the plaintiff’s claim is 
finally established therein, the Collector shall, subject to the provisions of section 12, 
divide the treasure between him and the finder. 
 
If no such suit is instituted as aforesaid, or if the claims of the plaintiffs in all 
such suits are finally rejected, the Collector shall deliver the treasure to the finder. 
 
16.  Power to acquire the treasure on behalf of the Government.—The Collector, 
may, at any time after making a declaration under section 9, and before delivering or 
dividing the treasure as hereinbefore provided, declare by writing under his hand his 
intention to acquire on behalf of the Government the treasure or any specified portion 
thereof, by payment to the persons entitled thereto of a sum equal to the value of the 
materials of such treasure of portion, together with one-fifth of such value, and may 
place such sum in deposit in his treasury to the credit of such persons; and thereupon 
such treasure or portion shall be deemed to the property of the Government, and the 
money so deposited shall be dealt with, as far as may be, as if it were such treasure or 
portion. 
 
17.  Decision of Collector final, and no suit to lie against him for acts done bona 
fide.—No decision passed or act done by the Collector under this Act shall be called in 
question by any Civil Court, and no suit or other proceeding shall lie against him for 
anything done in good faith in exercise of the powers hereby conferred. 
 
18.  Collector to exercise powers of Civil Court.—A Collector making any enquiry 
under this Act may exercise any power conferred by the Code of Civil Procedure 
1 on a 
Civil Court for the trial of suits. 
 
 
 
19.  Power to make rules.—The 
2[Provincial Government] may from time to time, 
make rules consistent with this Act to regulate proceeding hereunder. 
 
Such rules shall, on being published in the 3{Official Gazette], have the force of 
law. 
PENALTIES 
 
20.  Penalty on finder failing to give notice, etc.—If the finder of any treasure fails 
to give the notice or does not either make the deposit or give the security required by 
section 4, or alters or attempts to alter such treasure so as to conceal its identity, the 
                                                
1 See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908). 
2 These words were substituted for the words “Local Government”by the Government of India (Adaptation of 
Indian Laws) Order, 1937. 
3 These words were substituted for the words “Local Gazette”, ibid . 
share of such treasure, or the money in lieu thereof to which he would otherwise be 
entitled, shall vest in Her Majesty. 
 
And he shall, on conviction before a Magistrate be punished with imprisonment for a 
term, which may extent to one year, or with fine, or with both. 
 
21.  Penalty on owner abetting offense under section 20.—If the owner of the 
place in which any treasure is found abets, within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code 
(Act XLV of 1860), any offense under section 20, the share of such treasure or the 
money in lieu thereof to which he would otherwise be entitled, shall vest in Her Majesty, 
and he shall, on conviction before a Magistrate, be punished with imprisonment which 
may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both. 
 
SCHEDULE  
[Repealed by the Amending Act, 1891 (XII of 1891)] 
 
 

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