The BENGAL PATNI TALUKS REGULATION, 1819
Assam · state statute
Open in Lexace · Ask the AI about this act18191 Ben. Reg .3.) PATNI TALUKS 53
BENGAL REGULATION 8 OF 1819
(THE BENGAL PATNI TALUKS RROULATION, 1819)
CONTENTS
SECTION
1. Preamble.
2. Leases fixing rent in perpetuity or for more than ten
years, valid though executed while section 2, Reg. 44
1793, was in force .
3, First.-Patni tenures decla red valid, transferable and
answerable for debt.
Second.-Patnidar's right of und er-letting.
fhird. --Patni tenure not voidable lor arrears .
4. Inferior tenures under ~imil ar title deeds confer similar
interest to that provided for patni taluks in sectio n 3,
5. Zamindars not to refuge to give effeet to transfer ;
but may demapd fee,
and security.
6. Zamindar may refuse sanction to transfer, till tee and
security tendered.
7. Uoon public sale, if security not tendered within one
month, Zamindar may attach.
Attachm ents to have effect of trust.
8. First.- Zaminder s allowed sales of tenures, in which right
to sell for arrears i~ reserved.
Second.-First sale to be applied for on first of Baisakh.
Third.-Mid-year sale to be applied for on fir5t of Kartic.
9. Sales how cond ucted.
10. Forms to be observed in selling.
1 L Frrst.- Tenure .to be sold free of incumbrance by act of
defaulter.
Second.-No under-lease to stan d after sale .
Third.- Exception in favour of bona-fide engagements with
raiyats.
... ·.f"-- ~ ,., .•
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PATNI TALUKI! [1819: Ben . Reg.8.
12. Above rule to take effect retrosp ectivel y.
Pro viso.
Rule not to apply to private tran sfers.
13. First .-Reasons for allowing under-ten ants means of stay
ing sale.
Second.-How und er-tenants may stay sale ,
Third.-- Procedure in case of amount lodged being rent 1·
due from under-tenant ;
Fourth.-aud in case of amount lodged bei11g adva nced
from private fund s.
14. First. - Sale not to be stayed unle ss arrear claimed
lodg ed.
But suit to lie lor its reversa l.
Second.- Defaulter may apply for summary invcstigatiou.
Sale not to be stayed unless amo unt claimed be depos ited
14A. Procedure for setting aside sale.
15. First.- Delivery of posse~sion to purcha ser .
Setond.- -Procedure in case of opposition to purchaser.
Third.-Procedure in case of continued oppos ition.
16. [Repealed.]
L7. First. --Disposal of proceeds of sales.
Second.-Derluction on account of Goverumcnt.
Third. - Payment to Zamindars.
Four/h.- Disposal of remainder.
Fifth. -Under-tenants free to pro~ecute for pnce of their
interest or compensation.
Sixth.-Suit not to lie if under-teuant be himself in arre ar
at timr. of sale.
Seventh.- When defaulter to receive excess unclaimed.
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Eighth. -Subsiitution of Government securi ties for cash in Pol
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1819: Ben. Reg. 8.] PATNl TALUKS 55
BENGAL REGULATION 8 OF 1819
(THE BENGAL PA1NI TALUKS REGULATIO N, 1819)1
[3rd September JB19J
A Regulation to declare the validity of certain
tenures, and to define the relative rights of
zamindars and patni talukdars ; also to
establish a process for the sale of such taluks
in satisfaction of the zamindar's demand of
rent* *ll.
1. By the rules of the perpetual settlement, 3 proprietors of Preamble
estates paying revenue to Government, that is, the individuals
answerable to Government for the revenue then assessed on the
different mahals were declared to be entitled to make any arrange-
ments for the leasing of their lands in taluk or otherwise that
they might deem most conducive to their interests.
By the rules of Regulation 44, 1793,~ however, all n1ch
arrangements were subjected to two limitations; first, that the
jama or rent should not be fixed for a pcriop exceeding ten years;
and, secondly, that in case of a sail" for Government arrears,
such leases or arrangements should stand cancelled from the day
of sale.
The provisions of sect ion 2, Regulation 44, 1793, ' by which
the period of all fixed engagements for rent was limited to ten
years, have been rescinded by section 2, Regulati on 5, 1812 ~ ;
and in ReguluttOll 18 ° of the same year, it is more distinctl y
declared that zamindars are at liberty to grant taluks or other
leases of their lands fixing the rent in perpetuity at their discre
tion, subject, however, to the liability of being dissolved on sale of
the ~ran tor's esta te for arrears of the Government revenue in the
same manner as heretofore.
l SHORT '1ITLE.-This short title was given by the Amendin g Act,
1897 (V of 1897), since repealed,
LOCAL EXTENT.-This Regulation iJ in force in the district of Sylhet
SII the Assam Land Revenue Manual, 1931, Introduction.
• Words repealed by the Amendin g Act, I 891 {XII of 1891), are omitted.
• See the Bengal Permanent Settlement Regulation, 1793 (I of 1793), anti
p. s ....... .
• Ben. Reg. XLIV of 179S was repealed by Act XXIX of 1871.
s The Bengal Land Revenue Sales Regulation, 1812. It has been rer.alcd
in Assam by the Alllam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886 (I of 11186 • s. 2.
in pott.
The Bengal Lea,es and Land Revenue Regulation, 1812, It hu been
repealed in Auam by the Assam Land and Revenue "Regulation, 1886 (I of
1886).
56 PA1NI TALUKS [1819: Ben . Reg. 8.
I n prac tice , the grant of taluks and other leases at a rr.nt
fixed in perpetuity had been common with the zaminda rs of
Benga l for some time before the pa~si ng of the two Regu lations
last ment ioned, h ut, notw ithstandi ng the abrogation of the rule
which declared such arran~ements null and void , and the aban
don ment of all intent ion or desire to have it enforced as a secu
rity to the Governm ent revenue in the manner originally contem
plated, it was omitted to declare to the rules of Regulations 5 1
and I8 1 of 1812, or in any other Regulati ons, whether tt'·
nures at the time in existence and held, under cow nants or en
gagements entered into by the parties in violation of the rule
of ~ection 2, Regulation 44, 1793 2 should, if called in question,
be deem ed inva lid and void as heretofore.
This point it has been deemed necessary to set at rest by a
general declaration of the vaildity of any tenure s that may be
now in existence, notwithstandin g tha t they may have been gr<.tnt
ed at a rent fixed in perpetu ity, or for a long.:t term than ten
yea rs while the rule fixing this limitation to the term of all such
engagf'ments, and declaring null and void an y granted in con
travf'ntion thereto, was in force.
Furthermor<', in the exercise of the privi lege thus conceded
to zaminclars und er direct engagement s with GovernmeHt, there
has been creat ed a tenur~ which had its origin on the estates of
the Raja of Burdwan, but has since ber n extend ed to other
1.amindars; the . character of which tenute is that it is n taluk
created by the zamindar, to be held at a rent fixed in perpetuity
by the lessee and his he1rs for evrr ; the tenant is called upon to
furnish collateral ~ e..-urity for the rent, and for his conduct gene
rally, or he is excu sed from this obliga tion at the zan:indars' d is
cTetion ; but even if the orginal tenant be excused, still, in case
of sale for arre a rs, or other operation leading to th.: in traduc
tion of another tC'nant, ~uc lt uew incumb ent has alway3 in prac
tice been liable to be so called upon at the opti on of the zamin
dar.
By the terms als o of the en ~a gem e nts interchanged, it is
amongst other stipulations pro vided that, in case of an arrear
occurring, the tenure may be brou ght to sale by the zamindar,
and, if the sale do not yield a sufficient amount to make good the
balance of rent at the time due, the remaining property of tltr.
defaulter shall be furthel' ans werable for the d emand.
These tenures have usually been denominated patni taluks,
and it has been a common practice of the holders of them to un
derlet on precisely similar terms to other persons, who on taking
such leasses went by the name of darpatani talukdars ; these
again sometimes similarly underlet to sepatnidars ; and the con
titutions of all the title-deeds vary in nothing m ateial from the
ori ginal engagement~ executed by the first holder.
-- ---·--- ------------------
~ Set foot-notes s & on prt'page.
• Ben. Reg XLIV of 1793 was repealed by Acl XXIX of 1871.
1819: Ben. Reg. 8.] PATNI TALUKS 57
In these engagement~, however, it is not stipulated whether
the sale thus reserved to himself by the grantor is for his own
benefit, or for that of the tenant ; that is, whether, in case the pro
ceeds of sale should exceed the zamindar's demand of rent, the
tenant would be ent itled to such excess ; neither is the manner
of sale specified, nor do the usages of the country nor the Regu
lations of Government afford any distinct rules by the application
of which to the specific cases the d efects above alluded to could
be supplied or the points of doubt and difficulty involved in the
omission be brought to determination in a consistent and unitorm
manner. ~
The tenures in question have extended throu gh several zilas
of Bengal, and the mischicls which have arisen from the want of
a con8istcnt rule of action lor the guidance of the Courts of Civil
Judicature in rrgard to them have been productive of such confu
sion as to demand the interference of the legislature ; it has ac
cordingly been deemed necessary to rrgulate and define the
nature of the property given and acquired 011 the creation of a
patni taluk as above described, also to declare the legality of
the practice of underletting in the manner in which it has been
exercised by patnidars and others, establishing at the same time
such p~ovision s aa have appeared calculated to protect the und er
lessee from any collu sion of hi, immediate superior with the
zamindar or other, for his ruin, as well as to secure the just rights
of the zamindar on the sale of any tenur,. under the stip ulations
of the origina l engagements entered into with him.
It has further been deemed indispensab le w fix the process
by which the said tenure~ are to he br0ught to sale, and the from
and manner of conducting such sale and
Whereas the estates of zamindats under engagements with
Government are liable to bl" brought t.> sale at any time for an
arrear in tht: revenue payable by monthl y kists to Government,
it has •eem~d just to allow any zamindar who may have grant •
ed tenur es with a stipulation of the right to sell for arrears the
opportun •ty of availiug himsdf of this means of realizing his
dues in thl' middle of the year, as well as at the close, instead of
only at the end of the Bengal year 1 as heretofore allowed by
the Rrgulati ons in force ; it has further been deemed equitable
to extend this rule to all cases in which the right of sale may
have been rcs~rved, even though, in conformity with the Regu
lations het ctofore in force, the stipulation for salt: ( ontained in
the cn~;..gem(~nts interchanged may have restricted such sale to
the C3se of a demand of rent remain ing unpaid at the close of
the Bengal year. .l
* * *
1. i. •·• the month of Chaitra, which corr.:sponds w1th the last part of
March and the first part of April.
. The words •• ~t. ha' been likewise deem~d advisab le to rxplain and mo·
chfy some of the extstmg rul<"~ for the colle c~ton of rent8 , with a "view co ren
der them more effkacious than at pr~ent, aa well as to provide against ~undry
means or evasion now rcs01 ted to hy defaul kr~," wh1ch were rep~aled by
the Amending :\ct, 1891 (XIT of 1891), are omitted.
-
58 PATNI TALUKS (1819 : Ben , R eg 8
The followin~ rnles have a<.:('ordingly been enacted by IT i~
Excellency the Most Noble the Governor-Genera l in Co u ncil,
to take effect from the date or their prolllu lga tion thr ougho ut
the severa l district s o f the Province of Bengal, including Midn a-
. pur.
Leas~ fixmg 2. It is hereby decla red that any leases or engage ment s for
rent m per- h fi . f . I I I l petuity or fort e xmg o rent now 1n t' XIStcnce t 1at mav l<t vr )een gra nte<
more then ten or roncluded for a term of )'l"ars or in perpetuity by a proprietor
yean, valid, und er engagemen t with ltlte Covcrn~cntp or other pr r son com
though 1rx1- petcnt to grant tlw ~a me, shall Le dccmt d good and ·tali cl tcnur r-s, ecuted w 11 e d. I . I · acct i 0 n 2 accor mg to t \e terms IJ( t tt covcn·\ll·~ or l"nt•; ~c mcnts tnl!'r-
Regulation' changed notwithRtan din g tha t the same m.ty have been cxccutul
14, _1 7 9 3, before the passing of R('gulation fi, Hl l:.!. 2 and '' hi le rht- rule.,!
waatn 'orce. sec tio n 2, Re~ulation ! I , 17' .$. · which limi tc·d the period fm
which it was lawful to gran t such cngaw·m• nts ln cen ye<~rs, and
declM ed all that mu~ht b~ rn•t rrd into lor .t long-!:'r term to be
null and void, was in full Ioree anti efrect ; and lOtwithstanding
tha t the stipu lations of the said leases may be in violation of th.~
rule in quest ion :
Providrd , however, that nothin~ lwrcin cot taincd shall be
held to exemp t any tenures held unck r engagements from pro
p rietors or estates payin~ l'f'Vf'tl U (' to rth c GovcrnmcntJ 1. fr om
the liabilit y to be ca ncelled on sak of the •aid (" rates for arrear s
of the sairl revenue * * -~ ' unle~s cspc~rially rxemp ted
from such liabilit y !,y the ru le in question, or by a ny other specific
rule of the Regulati ons in Ioree.
P a t n i te- 3. First. - The tenure ~ knnwn by the ttatne of pat ni taluh,
~~~:~d :.~id, as described in the p1 ~allthle to this Rc ~ ubtion, shal l be deemed
transft"raule to he valid tcnwr s in pr:rpctuity, according to tlJc tc rrm. ol· the
and anawe- engagements undct which th ey a re hf'!d. The> arc herit«bll" bv
r b b I e for their conditions ; and it is hereby furthc1 declared that they an·
de t. capable of being transferred bv .air, ~ift or othcrwi~e, at the dis-
cretion of the hold er, as Y\c·ll as .t nswerable lor Lis pen.ona l debts
and subject to th e proc<'ss of the Courts of Jud icature, in the
same manner as other real propr-t ty.
Patnida r s' Secon,{.-Patni talukda rs are hereby declated to possess the
r i g h t of right of letting out the lands composiu~ their tal11ks in any man
under-! e t- ner they rna y deem most conducive to their inte rest ; anrl any
tin g. enga gement s so entered into by sr tch talnkdMs with othe rs ~hall he
legal and bindintr bf'!wceu the part ies to the ,, un ·, their heirs and
assignee s. Provided, h'1WC\er, that no ,uc h c·ngagcments shall
operate to the prejudice or the right of llw z,unin Jar to hold the
1 Substitute d fur "Crown" by the A. 0. 1950 which was wh,tituted for
"GCivernment" by the A. 0 . 19:17.
lite Beng. l T..;~nd - re\•rnue Sak$ R~ulation, IRI ''. Tt i& repeale-d •n
.<\•sam, Ill Reg. I of J 1186, s. 2 po.<t.
Ben. Reg. XLIV of 1793 was rcpralcd lsy Act X'\ IX of 18 "1.
' The wo•da and (i~urCll "umkr the ru)t> of' 8C('tion 5, Re~ulat i on XLIV
of 179:1," which Wl"rr r!'pCakd by thl" Rc:-pralin~ Art. 1874 ("<VI of IR7 1) ,
a re om•tted.
___ j
1819: Ben. Reg. 8.] p A.TNI T ALUKS 59
superior tenure answerable for any arrear of his rent, in the
estate in which he granted it, and free of all incumbrance re-
sulting from the act of his tenant . .
Third.-In case of an :1.rrear occurring upon any tenure of Patm ten~-
h d . . ll d d . h I I f I . . . re not VOl · t · escnpuon a u e to m t e 1rst cause o t us secuon, 1l dable for
sh.tll not be liable to be cancelled for the same ; * } bu l the tenure arrears.
shall be brought to sale by public auction, and the holder of the
tenure will be entitled to any excess in the proceell s of such sale
beyond the amount of the arrear of rent due, subject, however,
to the prov1sions contained in section 17 of the Regulation.
1. If the holder of a p.1tni taluk shall have underlet in Inferior te-
such manner as to i1ave conveye d a ~imilar interest to that en- ~W:C!1 un~tler
. d b h" If l . d . h bl h" R l 'Jml ar tl e JOye y 1mse , as exp ame 10 t e pream e to t 1s egu a- deeds co11fer
tion, the holder of such a tenur e shall be deem ed to have similar igte-
acquin:d all the rights and immunities declared in the preced- rest ~o that
ing section to attach to patm taluks, m so far as concerns the prov~ded1 fokr
f h d patru ta u s grantor o sue un er-tenure. in section
The same construction shall also hold in the case of patni 3.
taluks of the third or fourth decree.
5. The right of alienation havlllg been declared to vest in Zamindf a r
the holder of a patni taluk, it. shall not be competent to the za- ~:~i~/:ff:~
mllldar or other superior to refuse to registe r, and otherwise to to tranJfer.
give cifcct to such alienations, by discharging the party trans-
lerring his interest from personal responsibility, and by accept·
ing the engagements of the transferee.
In conformity, however, with establis hed usag(, the zamin- but may
dar or other superior shall be en tit led to exact a fee upon every de m and
such alienation ; and the rate of the said fee is hereby fixed at fee
two per cent. on the jama or annual rent of the inle t est transferred,
until the aame shall amount to oue hundred rupees, which sum.
shall be the maxi mum of any lee to be exacted on this
account,
~he zamindars shall also be entitled to demand substantial and aecuri·
se~.:unty from the transl eree or purchaser, to the amount of half ty.
the jama or yearly rent payable to him from the tenure trans-
ferred ; the condition ol furn1shmg such securi1y on requisition
being understood to be one of the original liabilities of the
tenure.
The above rules shall apply equally to the case of a sale
made in execution of a decree or judgment of Court, as to all
other alienations, but it shall not apply to the case of sale for
an arrear in the rent due to the zamindar or other superior, un
der the rules hereinafter contained.
The purchaser a t such a sale shall be entitled to have his
name registered and to obt.lin possession without re~ , though of
coarse liable to l>e called on to give security under the conditions
of the tenure purchased. ll
~ The wordt and ligures "under the rule co:ontained in the sevCDth clause
of section 151 Regulation VI! 1 1799, for lcqes conveying a limited interest in
the land," which were repealed by the Repealijlg Act, 1674 (XV I of 1874),
are omitled.
Section 5 docs not apply to tramfers of any fractional portion of a
patni taluk, or to any alienation other than that of the e11tire iutere!t, 111 tho
c:oncludini par~~&raph ot •· 6. posl,
60 PATNI T AUJlt S [1819: Ben: Reg . U
Zamindar 6. It shall be competent to the /.amindar or other superior
may . refuse to rcfusr thr registry of any tnnsfer until the fee above stipulatrd
aancuon t~ he paid, and umil substantial s•·curitv to the amount specified transfer ull 1. d d d fcc aud 3ecu- ue ten ere an accep ted :
rit y tender-
ed. Provide3., how cvl'r, that if tlw S<'Ctttity tendt'rerl by anv pur-
chase r or trans feree should not bt: a pprovetl lJy tiH' zaminda r,
and the par ty tend erin g it shall be dissat i ~fied with such rejec·
tion, he shall he competent to appeal therefrom by petition or
common motion in the Civ il Court ol tlh' distJtct, whieh autho
rity, if !atisfied of the suflicien cv of th<~ securi tv t·miered, shall
issue an injunc'ion on the z:lmir{lar L•J ac•:--()t it awl give eff,•ct
to the transfer without de lay .
It is hereby provided that the ~t~lt>s of this anrl o,· the pre
ceding section shall n0t he held to apply to tran~:ers pf any
frac tiona l portion of a patui taluk, nor to any alienation otlwr
th an of the entir:: inte re'lt · fo!· no apportion me~ t of the z:tm inda r's
r~erved. rent can he allowed to st:wrl good un less wade under
h1s speCial sanction .
. Upon pu~- . 7. In case of the ~al e or:\ pa tni tenure in CXt>cutio n of a.
he sa~c, tf JUdgement of Conrt I if the rurchascr rh n()t, wi thi 11 the· per iod ol
•ecurll y 1\0t 1 I' h 1 f' 1 1 · · " 1· J • • tender c d one mo~t 1 rom t e sa e, con o rm to l H~ rn ··s ol ~ecuon ;.) o t liS
within one RegulatiOn, in order to ob tain the tr'ln sl'cr of his tenme hy the
m'!n t h, za· supe rior to whom the ren t fixed upon it i~ p:ty .. hk, the zam inrlar
mmdar ~na y or other superior shalt he entitled, of hts own at tlh•wity, to send
.attach. I } -' I !-' . . I 'I tl a sazawa to attar: 1 anu 10 ., P'''' ''SSton nl t 1e tenure u ntt 1e
Ji.)rms prt>scrihed he obsl'rvl'd.
In case also of the salr- ol a p.Hni tt>nure for arrears of the
rent due upon it, under the rules of this Regulation, if st:curity
be required by the zam indar anJ t l,l purch.1scr liil to furnish
the same within on.: month of the d;w: of sale, dH· z:,rnindar sha ll
st milady be enti tied to send a saza wal to att ach and hold
posliession of the intere~" which tll·l~ have p .tssccl on the sale, to
the exclusion of the purcha~cr, uutil the prrsr ribcd secUt it y be
given .
A t t a ch Attachments made under this section shall br· regarded A S
men flit 1 ,tor· trusts for the benefit and at th e risk of the pctrchasers : conse -
llave c ec: 0 h 1· I q uently after deducting the rent due and l e expense o attac 1·
tnut. · ' 11 · h 11 I mg, any surplus that may be ytelded by t!1e co ectton~ s a )e
held in deposit for such purchaser: but, tf the collccuons for t ~e
time fall short of the rent the ten•1re and person of the propne
tor shall be liabl e in the
1
same manner as if no a ttachn11ent had
been made, and the accdtmts produced hy th~ zamindar ~r othe.r
superior making the attachtr .. cnt shall be received _::~s pmna facie
evidence to wauant process lot an arrear so accrulllg .
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1819: Ben. Reg. 8.) PATNl TALUK3 61
1 8. First.-Zami nd<~rs, th..tt is, proprietors uudcr dire ct za10indar s
eng:1gements with the> G;,vernmcnt "shall be entitled to .tpply in allowed sales
the manner lull,>willg lor pc1 iuclical sales of :1ny tenur " ~ upou of r.enure.s in
which the right ol selling or bringing to sale for an arrear of rent whtch r~g.ht
h I II d I · . I . . h to sell lor may ave Je<·n spec .• t y res erve JY sttpu atton tn t e e n ga~e- arrt·ars i~ re-
ment s intercltan gl'd 011 the t:reatitlll or the tt:uure. srrved.
The exet"<'tSt' of this power shall nor. be confined to cases in
which the sti Jufa[ion lor sal:- nnv have • been unre stricted in
rega1d 10 tin;c , lJ\11 ~hall ~ippl~ . equally tO tCIIU fC~ held UfiUCf
engagemt·nt s h[ipulatiug merely f(Jr .1 sale <~L the end uf the year,
in confurmny with the pralli<.:.: h.:r.-to fore allmved by the Regu
lation s in !o1 cc .
~ec . nd- 011 th, fit ~t day of lhi sakh, "tha t is, at the corn- Fir' t ttl~: t••
menc .:n •cnt ,,{ tlu.: f;>flvwlllg )C u· l'to.n tli.lt of which the ri ~ fll is be appliC>I
due , the za•nind:.tr snail present a petition * • * 1 to the for. on lir-~ of
C 11 . . . 'fi . .. b l l B:makh. o ector " cu.natt•wg a spec1 cat1o11 ot any a auces t1at rnay
be due to him on account of the expired year, li·om all or any
talu kdal' or other holders or all interest of the nature <lesct ibt:t!
in the prec<>diug clause of this section.
The same ~hall then be stuck up in some consp icuous part
of the cut< hetry with a n otice that, if the amount claimed be
not paid hcfOit ' the first ofjt>th " followin~, the l t'llUI'I'S or the
defaulte1s wtll un that day be sold J,y public sa l·· iu liquida
tion.
Should, bowcvcr, the fir~t of Jetlt " fall on a Sunday ur
holiday, th e next subseque nt day, no t a holicl::J.y, shall ht- selt:cted
instt:ad ; a similar notice shall be stuck up at the sadar cutchery
of the zamindar himself, a11J a copy or extran of such part or
the notice as may apply to the individual case sha ll be by },im
sent to l>e similarly published at tht• rutchcrry or at the prin<·ipal
town or villagf' upon the l.md of the defaultt·r.
The zamin d.tr shall l>e exclusi\dy answe rable li.w the <•hS<'I'-
1
vance of tlw fur.ns ab >VC pr.:scnbeJ, anJ the no1 ic:: required to
be \Cnt I lilt> tit .· muf:tss.tl sh tilly· served by a siugle peon, wit 1
shall IH ing- b.l•:k lilt.: rc~.tipt of the del~'lultcr, or of l!is lll<Ul<tgt'r,
~ -~-,~~~o 1he officer who should conduct ,ales of l::::s-··~; the nature of
thos., dt·scrilx:d in claus<: ftJSl ofs..,c(un 8 ot Bengal H.eg.datinn VIll of JBI9,
111 th<" llt m~a l Patui 'laluL.s Rc~ulatiun UJ20 (l of JU20), s. 2, post, and thr:
Bengal Rc:lll H.eruvery (l ndcr-t('uUrl-s) Act, H!b5 (!len. Act. VIII of 11165). s.:l,
post.
' .:lulmicuted for ' Crown" by the A.O. 1950 whtch wa~ aubstituted by
the A. Q. 1937, fur " Guvcrumeut" .
The month 1.C Baisakh corresponds with th e la~t pa1t ot April and the
first part of May.
• fhe words "to th .. Civil Court of th e D•s trict, and a 5imilar one,''
wb.tch were repealed by the Repealing Act, li!H (XV l of ISH), are omitted .
' In ,\,saill, the Deputy Comminioner. '\s to excrciae <•I function~ ol
De puty Comm<ssio•wn, see thr Assam Land and Rc-'<"llU<" R~g ulati.,n, 18116 (1
of 1U1!6), Chap. Vll, post.
• The month of jt'lh 'urrespond, Wttb the last 1st 11art ol May and tho::
lim par1 of june .
62 PATNI TALUKS [1819 : Ben . Reg .
for the sam e, or, in the event of inability to procure this,
liignatures of th1 ee substantial person s residing in the neig hbo
hood, in the attestation of the notice having been brought
published on the spot.
1f it shall appear from the tenor of the receipt or
in question that the notice has been published at any time
vious to the fifteenth of the month of Baisakh, ~ it shal
sufficient warrant for the sale to proceed upon the day appoi
In case the people of the village should object or refuse
sign their names in attestation, the peon shall go to the cutch
of the nearest munsif or if there should be no munsif , to
nearest thana, and there make voluntary oath of the same h
been duly published ; certificate to which effect shall be
and sealed by the said officers and delivered to the peon.
~id?earbe ~i Third.-On the first day of Kartik, 2 in the middle of
~~;lie~ for yea r, the zamindar shall be at liberty to present a similar peti
on first of with a statement of any balance~ that may be due on account
Kartik. the rent of the current year, up to the end of the month
Assin 3 and to cause similar publication to be made of a
of the tenures of defaulters, to tak e place on the first of
unless the whole of the advertiseu balan ce sha ll be paid
the date in question, or so much of it as shall reduce the
includin g any intermediat e demand for the month of Kartik,
to less than one-fourth of a four-anna proportion of the
demand of the zamindar, according to the kistabandi, calcula
Sales how from the commencement of the year to the last day of Kartik 1 •
conducted. ~ 9. All sales of saleabl e tenu res applied for under the
of this Regulat ion shall be made in pubic cutcherry * * * 6
land shall be sold to the higlwst bidder, and every one, not
actual defaulter, shall be free to bid, not excep ting the person
satisfaction of whose demand the sale may be made, nor t
under-tenants of the defaulter ; fifteen per unt. of the
money shall be paid immediately the lot is knock ed down, and
officer conducting the sale shall be competent to refuse to
a bid, or to knock down a lot to a ny bidder, unless he has a
ance to his satisfaction that the amount required to be jeposi
is in hand for the purpose, or will be produced within two h
\ The month of Baisakh correspond s with the last part of April and the
part of May.
' The month 0 1 Kartik correspond with the last part of October
the first Part of November.
• The month of Assin corre.po nds with the last part of Septembt r and
first part of October.
• The month of Aghan correspond s with the last part of November and
first part of December.
•As to the extension of the ap.eltcation of s. 9 jlt the Bengal Patni
Regulation, 1820 (I otl820), '· 2(3) post,
• The words "by the Registrar or actiag Registrar of the Civil Court,
ln his absence, by the person in charge of the office of judge or of
of the district within which the lands may be aituated , which were repealed
the Repealing Act, 1874 (XVI of 1874), are omitted,
---~-- .. --
[1819: Ben. Reg . 8.] P ATNI TALUKS 63
If the fifteen per rent. be not paid in cash, or in •[curren cy
notes), within two hours of the sale , or an ectui valent amount in
Government S•'Curitics be not lodged, the lot shall be re- sold on
the same day, a nd , if the remainder of the pu rchase-money be
not paid by noon of the eighth day, notice sha ll be given of
re-sale on the following day, that is, on the ninth from the first
sale, by proclaiming the same by bea t of drum t hroug h the hazar
of the sadar stati<,n of the zila , C:Lfter which th e lot ~ h all he re-sold
at the appnintcd time at the risk of the fi rst purchaser, who sha ll
forfeit the advance of lifteen per ce11t. a lrea d y mad e, * * 2 and
be furtlwr an-;werable lor any sum in which the proceeds of th e
second sale may fa ll sho rt of the an tfee d ent one ; such deficiency
to be levied bv the proo·ss lilr tht! execution 0 r d ecrees of th e
Civil Court~ .
10. At tlte tiutc olthe ~a l e the noti ce previous ly stuck up in F onnsto be
the cutchc•ry sh.dl lJ" taken down, and tlw lots be ca lled up olr..~rv.-d in
successively 111 the orde r in whic h they may be found in that selhng.
notice.
A per~"'. I sh.tll .1tteud on the p.1rt of the zami nd.tr , with a
particular ~tate mcnt qf the pavm c ut~ made up to the day of sale,
on account of the J,alance of each advertised lot, together with
the receipt lo•·, or cct"tificate of, the notice direct ed to be pubhsh
ed in th~ 'llufassal, nor shall any lot be put up to sale unti l the
statem en t poduced shall have bren inspt>cted, aucl the existencf!
of.a balance ror the year asce rtain ed therefrom, nor untii the
receipt for1the noti ce sha ll have been rt~ad ; the ubserv.t nce of
which forms shall be recorded in a separate rubak a ri to be held
upon each lc t sold.
If the sale be of the deM;ription provided for in the third
clause of section 8 of this R egula tion, the kistb.1ndi of the defaul t
er shaJJ likt wise he producrd, in order that it may be seen th at
the balance rcm..tining unp aid exceeds a four-anna proport ion of
the demand up to the date of sale ; nor shall the sale take p lace
unless this l>r asc ... rtain ed.
The za111inuar 5:!.tl lC exclusively rcspon,ib lr• lor the ..:urn ·• t
ne~s and authenticity ol the Mpc rs to l1c thus exhib ited, no1 shall
the pJhlic •Jlhcer rna kmg the sale be answerable in any rcspc'et
except lor its fairness .md publicity, and for the observance of the
rules prescrib ed for his guidance in this Regulation.
----------------------------
1 The words" currency notes" in ~. 9 were ~u bstitulcd for the' word s
' 1 notes of th< !.lank of Jkn~al" by the Amending \ct, 190,3 ( I of 19C3), ainc:c
repealed.
2 The word~'' (which shall be in !uch ca~e regurded a~ part of the pro.
ceed~ of the sale).'' in s. 9, which wt're repl"alcd by the Forfeited Deposit£
Act, 1850 (XXV or l850), are omitted. As to the applicallon of torfe1ted dipo
liiJ, ste s. 2 of that A~:t, post.
• 1 I
PATNI TAI. CKS [ 1819 Ben. Reg. 8.]
Tenure tn llJ.. Fint. --It is here by declatetl that auy ta luk or saleable.
bef ~olcllree tenur e -that may be disposed of at a public sale; und er the rule~
0 meum· f I · R I · f d f · · ld brance hy a 1o t liS egu .lt;o n, for arrea rs o r•;nt uc 011 account o tl, u;; so
of default er~ free o!" all incumbrances th:tt may have accrued upon it by acto
the drfaultin g proprietor, hi s representative s or assignees, unl e
th e rig ht o f making such incumbrances shall h1ve been express!}
written vestcrl in the hold er by :1 stipu la tion to that effect in thq
engagement $ unck t wh ich the said t :~lt tk may h.we been held.
No translc r hy salr , gift or nthr-rwi •r, 110 motlg·l.L;" of nthe~
!unit ed assig11mrnt, slt.tll be permitted •n ltar the inrlrfe;~~i hl~
right of the z.unindar to hold the tenure uf his crration answe rl
abl e , in the sta tr in wh:1 h hr created it fot the rent which is iq
fact h is rf'sn vcd proprtt" i 11 thr tenu re, f'xccpt the tra nsfe r orj
a~s i g nm cnt shou ld have bee n made with a condition to tha t efTecf
under express authority obtained from such umindar.
:\o under. Srcon·f.- fn like m,ulllcr, on sale of a t,llt k lot ;u-:e.tr-; all lcasq
lc.-ase to ' tand orginating with the h<Jlder or thr for " er tenure, if creative of '
after sale. .dd I . I I . .J I . d I I mt e mter rs t >etween l l(" n·s111cnt cu ltvatnrs an t 1r all" p roj
prietor, must be cons idere d to be cancei iC'd, C"'<Cept the au thoria
to g ram them should have been sp··ciallv tr att~ferred ; th
po ssessor s of suc h intere~t mus t consequcnty lose the right
hold possession of the land :"''I to collect tl1c r ent~ l)f lhc raiyats
this having hcen et•jOy•·d merel y in conse quence of the d efau lt er~
assig nm ent of a certain portion of his ow n in tercst, the whole Ot
which was !iabic !or the rent.
Exception T /iird.-l'rovi1.h:d, neve rth ele-ss, that nuthin~ herein c J ntaincl
in fav·mr of shall be construed to e ntit le the purchaser . of a taluk or othe:
bn"a fidc en~ah· saleable te nure intermediate between the 7.arn i nda r a nd actu~
ijl: ate uts w•t l · . k J · ·d d 1 d · raiyat1 • cu ttva tor~ to I!JCCt <\ hu ast ca. ty.tt or rc.:~t cnt an 1ere ttaq
eu lti v,Hor, nor to ca ncel b.ma (idl' enga~·~ment s made w!th 3uq
tcuams by the late incumbe nt or his r.·pre>cntative, except it It
proved in re!-(ular suit, to he brou ght by such purchaser, f(Jr t ~
adjustment of hi ~ rent, tha t a higher rate WQU!c! have bees
demandabl e at th e tim1: suc h eng age ments wet e contrac t:..d by hl
prede cebsor.
Above rulr 12 '1 he rul1 ~of the preceding sc:ction , being declarato~
to take effect of the prim.:iplc to be obsc t vcd 011 all occastons whcrc111 salea~
r~ strosp«· tenures <trc made nsponsi illle lor the zam in·kr's rcsc-n ed re01
tlvely. will equally app ly to the case of taluk s, here tofore sold, as ~
th os~' that may be sold henceforward, if 1111, ~.\lc sha ll h il.ve bee:
fair, and the process observed in conducti ng it sha ll have betf
that recogni sed and in use in the district at the time of selling.
ProVI5n. Nothing, howev er , herein con ta in ed sh.tll oper a te to t
prejudice of any agree ment, express or implied, now subsis t i~
hNween the purchaser of a taluk and the lessees of his pred~
cessor.
l As to the extens wn of the appli cation ofs. ll See the l.l ·n; 1t
Patni Taluka Recu lations, 1820 ( I of 1820), s. 2 (3), j•ost,
1
d
11
e
d
tl
ti
r
0
a
b
0
Sl
tl
t
0
s
t
r.
a
r
a
f
d
d
I
I
s.
r.
0
f
I
s
s
a
c
I
r· 1
. &
•
'
•
1819: Ben. Reg. 8.J P.\T:-.11 TALUKS 65
Neither shall the rule for the- fall of under-tenures be consi - Rule not to
dered to applv to am private transier bv a talukdar of his own app!y t to . t' . . . . r· I p r I v a e inte re~t, nor to a pu >he sale m exer uuon o a ( egrec , nor to the trawfer.
1 case of a rel inquishment by the tal ukdar in favour of the zami n-
. d ar, nor tu any act or!_(inating with tht' former holde r, other
than default as al~1resaid : .tl: such operations invu lve o nly a
transfer ol the tenure itt the state in which it may be held at the
time, and the tH·w im umiJ rlt mcceeds .to no more than the
1e~ ·n eel. righ ts of tht· !OJlliCJ leu nt, such as they may be, a nd is
of course subjeu to any rest ric, ion put upon the tenure by his
,tct.
'13. 1· in t. - With n li'II'IKC to tlw injury that may be Reason for
'· h I I ld 1· I k I I I I 1 h allowing urou~; . t up~n t w 10 t r o .1 t L u · o t It' ·con< c ec~ce Jy t e under-tenant
operatiOn of tlw pre1 edm~r rules , 111 cas..! the propnetor or the means of
superior tenure pur posdy \Vithholds the rent due from himself to staying sale
the zamindar .titer having realized h is own dues from the inferior How under
tenantn, it is deemed necess.1ry to allow such talukdars the m eans tentaant
1
may
. . I . f' I . h d s y •a e. ofsav m~tH·te·tcntJl<·s mmtteru rn tat must a tten such a
sale : aud the t 1 I•Jwing t ulcs have accordin~lv been cna<.ted for
this purpose. ,
•'
Secund. - \\'hcll( :ver the tl·nu• c of a talukdar of tbc J1rst d egree
may be arlvertJ~c·l lor ,,de· in the lllaune, · tequtred by the secon d
and third clau-;es of section U of this J<.egularion, lor a rrear s of
n·nt duc IIJ the zaminder, the talukdat~ of the •ccon d degree, of
any number ol them, slr.tll be· entitled to stay the hna l sale, by
payin~ i Jlll) COUll tllt' ollllOUnt of b,tfauce that may be declared
d uc by tilt pn ~o11 ,Jltf·udiug ou the part of the zami ndar on the
day app 1inted lor •• tl · in likr · manne,· they sha ll be entitled to
lodge money atlt«'Ctdcntly, ffJI' the pur pose of eventually answer
ing any demand th lt m. y rt-m,lin due· o.r• the day fixed for the
sale , and, shou!d the i.!mount lodged tw sulhcieut, the sale sha ll
not proceed, but, altcr rn.rkiug ~O•>d to the zarnindcr the amo unt
of his demanrJ , auy eXCt'U ~~~ tJI bf' paid back tO the person or
persons who m a) h.tve lodse.! it.
Tl.ird !J the ar uotJut "> lod:,:cd shall be tl'llt d11e by the . Procedure
ill!CJ im talukdat, the holrl<'r of tlw advt ••tis<"d tc nun•, the same rn case of
sh.t!l b<' st .• tt-d at tlw lilli e of "' •t kin~ the depo;,it, aud the amount laodmound tbe. · . g e mg sh.tll Ut' L~rrred lO th1 et<t.:(>lllll ol he te11111t or l~nants lodg-rnj:{ it, rent due from
and be cfedurlt'd f10111 oiii V cJ.1 Ill of relit tJr;tl may at the tim e be under-tenant ,
pending, 01 J,c tlwr t ,dtcJ IJt out.; Itt lm w.ud agai11st h1m or then
by the prepr il"toJ ul the .nlwr ti~cd tcnurL on at.:rotull of the year
01 month s for which the notirt• of sale mav havt been published .
----- --
,\J to the t'XI('ll ion of tin 11J1plicati<HJ of ., 1:1, sa-
th•· Bm~taJ l'.•tui I duks R .. gu ),uiou, llt:!U (I ot 18:!0), ~ . !! (J) , Post and
ttJI" Beu~o.;~l l<t 11 l<lcO\I"fY (lllllkr-'t emur •) \c1, lt16 ~ (Heu, .\ct VII ot 186 51 /'o•t.
66 [ L819: Ben . Reg. 8 .
and in case l·ourlh.- Jf 1:1c person or IH'IM•O, mtkill'~ surh a dcpo,it, in
of 11mo~nt meier to stay the ;,.lie of the sup~ri l' t 1111 •, I ·!! h::~,·r illrea dy
· Jodd gedcdbemg paid t he whr)!C nC the rent 'lue lr 1m '1ims lf r th rns-:lvc<, ~o tktt
a van e I I I . 1 t' . r· l l from prh·ate t 1e amount oc ged IS an :v vance 1om prn rtr' u .t , aw not a
funds. d isbur sl'ment on account qf the sai l rent, ~l'cl t d ,>osit shall not
be cani cd to cr<"clit in, or ::c.-t ac:ain t ft:· 1re t1,.m1nds for tent,
hut shall be c:ons: creel a, ,, loan m 14 to tilt p opt i< l<•r of tlw
tenut c preserved fi om saie bv such mean , a• d 1 h · t duk ~~~ p r ~'
set Ycd ~h;dl be the scca! tt • to the p • n ,,. p• r<ons m.tking 'lw
ad vancr, who shalt lJ ... co· 'd r to!> 1ve lie 1 th :· U(><J'l, in rhr.
same rn:>uner as if tic lo '1 Ja : l;. rn rn.:tdc unon l!lnrtg •gc : 111rl
hi" or they ~ hall be < ntitk l, or1 anph i·l'~ 1 rht! ~ ra, t" "hta in
immrdi ~tc pos~c·~ion of tlt · t 1 ll'" 'I tlw rl•fault• .-, in •mler to
rerovcr tlw <'mom t o 'v.mr J Jru n ttrv profit~ bdon•(ing the z cto.
If th e (lt-f.·\llite r slwll cil'.s'rc U• 1 r, \ 1 lti trnurc- f:m n tiH·
hand s of th(' p crso 1 or rc·r~ons who, by Ill lkin ~ the acl\',1n(' r', may
h a\c acqu'rcd such an ir t rest thC'r in, aucl cntc•-c d em pn;sc:ssirm
in con•cquencc, ht: sh .J not I e c·n'itl d '" It, >, C'XC"pt UJ'<)n
re-pa)tnfll t Of tJtc I nfirc. 11111: th: I ( I \\ 'tft ill I< I' tat tll•' I it(('
of twl'lvr• f'tl c~n ' . 1 1' l! .. n 1 l I 1 t n~' )(),S< ~'"~ ll ha\ inri
been ~ivc·rt a~ above,' ••r 'n >O 1 ·xltihi i1 pto .J, in ;r rc••uhr ~ riit ·tr•
bl" institute d forth<' p'l1 J() • t h"t the lllll :1n 'Jill t •o advanc ('d,
with intr rn~t, IJa b <>n 1eal1s d fro 11 the u~nl u t nf the II llllH' .'
Sale nnt to 11. First.-Should tl b.J1.\llC cl lr1rtl b\· 1 z.llnin clar on
be ~ta>rd accm nt f h rent of any unc!ct-tcnure rl'lfl;JOn •tn ,.Lie! upon the
utl.eS!I ~rr('~ day fixed fnr t il\'~ lc oftlie tr11ur• . the ~ale,· alii e lll'lt ' 11iH1r,ut
f~~~. rescn·e' in thl' ll1 nn,.~ provi lf'd lot i 1 • rt ;on 'I and I(' ( f .:thi~:
Rf'rruhtion :nor sh 11 lt t ( tl) cd or p tpon d C'P 'l'lV :wrnnnt,
unlc~s t he amount o the cicrna.ttl lw lodgul.
. Dut SUit .to It shall lto\\CVCI be ) 'lp tent 10 <lll'Y P· rly rte trnus of con
~e for IU testin g t h e righ t of ft, zar.und,tr to rn lkf" the S,ll• , wrthe r On. tJH"
everaal, gronnd of tlwrl! ha\ in; h 11 no h hncc due, or on :my nth·r
ground, to que the z m•int! 1r lor the re\'('r<.nl of t he s;unc, itt1d,
upon es tah li•hin•Y a suffic'tnt pka, tu ohtain a ,J,,, rt't· w ith fitll
Co3ts a nd d.lmagc:;.
The purcl a~cr shall I •C r11adc a part
rlerree pa O:ng for r~'' r~al o the ~.1 e, th to
or
Default ('r ~uond. In ca s !so in\ lr;ch ,, talukrl 1 tn<ly r•mtcst tlw
may apply zarn ind ar's d emand of . n\ • n , , 1~ "I i •• I in tlte :wt ic•·
~or s u ':lmt~ry adv,•rtisul, ~ u ch taltlah1· ' l ' r >Ill t nt l:l n Jt.., for r Glllll-
mvauga 11 •n. • . . · I · 1 • 1 • 1 Sale not to m a ry lllVl: Sttg:tllO!I tl a lY I H• \\ t 11!1 l IC 1 < 1 .or r I ll<'lllt; ; t 1<'
be stayed zamindar sh.t!l tlwn ,, (.', lll'd li)J il 'l Ill rurui h his k lH!liyat :;rul
unla, other prool s ar. the shortest conv ·ui nt uotice, in "rd r that the:
clarn?u~~ b award mav, if possible, be made bdine the dav appni ntcd for s tl1•. atm,;u e '
deposited,
Such award, if so nndc. \ill of counc rcgul.ltl! the ulterior ·
process ; but, if tlw ca(e tw still p nrlin!{ the l•>t sha ll he ca lled <
up in its turn, notwiths andinv tht· suit :and if 1he z·unin clnr o'r
his agen t in attendanc e insist on the dt:mand, the sale shall be
1
Jlli9 : flen ft eg. ILJ l'ATNI TAI .t)KS 67
made on his r<'spnn::ibilit)', nor shail it he st.\yed. or t he summa r y
suit he ;dJowd to proc~'c d , nnh·ss the am'lunt d.simed be lodge d
in rash, or iu (.owtnm•·nt S<C:uritic~, or iu [cur reucv uotes],1 by
th e talukd a r mr.tc stin•{ t se demand ; • nd if su-:h deposit be not
made, Llw .tlleg d dd:u:ltcr \dl! h,wc no rem• dy hut by a regular
action for dan .• lgr.s and !'or ' ( vcrs:ll of the s,s c [unh:ss he makes
.10 application und er section l •J.\ )U.
. Procedure
"[ Hr\. Fil11--lt shill br• ··ompt:l''OL to •t dcfaulting patm• for setting
d.u of ,, pa tni t.dttk <Jr 1 d t lUltiu~ holu r •)f a tenure sold under aside aale.
thh regul .n'nn • · n tlukd ' or tcnurc-holciu uf the second decree
of sucls taluk 01 tl:nurc <'I' tfl .t pt•tsou hold ing a n interest in such
taluk or l~r.un in \ rluc o ti I · ncquu ed before the s.t! · of the
tahtk or tcnurt' or t 1 p r < 1 I .wincr .t n ortga~e r n su ch taluk
OJ tenure l•> apply to t 1c Lo 1! tc.or to hu\C' t!.c sale set aside on
the applica 1t dt"positiJq with the Collector witll in thirty days
frorn the d t tc ot's.1h.:, <.:r, if' tlse t.duk oJ tenu re has been re-sold ,
within thirty d.1ys lsom the date of the original sale-
(c1) .t ~lttll ot mon ·~ ual to 0:1 ptr c.:utt. of the purchase
money 1ut p. tr. 11t to f t 1 • State Governme nt] '
for the put po t' ~ 'P ·cific 1 in tll!' secon d clau3t: of sec
tio n J 7,
(h) a Slllll ol' Jlll( l('} qu I to thf' llllOtlllt on account or
\\hie!•· the s I~ h., l•t:"ll mule togl'ther with interest
.wd nl! d11r ,. incurrc:J in bt inging t'•c tal uk or
t!'llllre t > •·11t li:H pa>ntent to tlu: z,unindar, and
{r) a ~t!lll ut 111011 ') t.qual to f1ve per CC'nt. of the pnr e'H\SC
nJ•)Jit·y a11d in no ca Je tl aJ. nc rupee for p 1yment
.: to the pnt ch 1 cs·.
On receipt of a11 a pli< :tti ·1 to set a ilk the salt; the Col
lc.ctoJ sho.lll •crve a nut11 t 011 tis zamind r ami tht! auctio n pttr
Lhas<'l' fixing a d.ttc lor h •aring the sa tm•.
Suond.-'Xo appli at•o ~h II be entett·tin d under thi~ sec-
tion sf the .tpplil. ut h institul d n I>Uit in the Ci\·il Cour t to
se t a~id~ the ~a'c Hnle , he f rst wit.ldraws ,uch suit .
'fhird.- ~~o .1 pl tatlon 'hall bt! allowed und er this section
without t 1 c < 'H ~'lit ol t1 z unindnr if the d£'.wltiug talukdar m·
tl'llllll -lH>lclet is lj,l!'llc U agrc•cd to J>.l} Ult IJeha!f of the
zamincl<~r any sever u · · 1 C'css clue t, [the St 1tc Covf'trlln<·nt]J
li·on1 the zamind.u· .uul ~U< 1. n VliiHl" o r c··~s ha~ not bt"<'ll paid
lo ltlw ':>tat<· Cowr nmt•• t J .o1· depo itt I in Court bci;Jre the
"date fixed o. the h .trll•._ ut the :rpplic.tuou .
l l'lle \\Ol'rl '·currenq '"S :n s. U • ' r wl tituled fvr th-: word
•'not es Cll the Excerpt shown. Open the full act in Lexace.
Lex