STATE OF ORISSA versus DASARATHI MEHER

Citation: [2018] 13 S.C.R. 443 · Decided: 27-09-2018 · Supreme Court of India · Bench: MADAN B. LOKUR · Disposal: Dismissed
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Judgment (excerpt)

STATE OF ODISHA 
v. 
DASARATHI MEHER 
(Civil Appeal No. 7362 of 2013) 
SEPTEMBER 27, 2018 
ᱳᱨᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ 
ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱫᱟᱥᱚᱨᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱾ 
 (2013 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 7362 ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ) 
27 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, 2018 ᱾ 
 [ᱢᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱤ ᱞᱚᱠᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱚᱠ ᱜᱩᱯᱛᱚ, ᱡᱮᱹ ᱡᱮ ᱾] 
[MADAN B. LOKUR AND DEEPAK GUPTA, JJ.] 
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱼ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱾341 ᱟᱨ 342ᱼ1950 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴᱼᱮᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ 
ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, 1956 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱛᱚᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ 
ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱛᱚᱨᱚ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ 1976 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ 
ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 1976 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱥᱟᱶ 
ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ 341 
ᱥᱮ 342 ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱰᱟᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱩᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ 
ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱩᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ 
ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ 
ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱜᱟᱲ 
ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 
ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱳᱭᱳᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ (ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ) ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱚᱨᱩ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱩᱱᱟᱞ 
ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟ ᱡᱮ ‘ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ’ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱫ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ‘ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ’ ᱫᱚ ‘ᱠᱩᱞᱤ’ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ 
STATE OF ODISHA v. DASARATHI MEHER 
 
ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱼ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱱᱫᱮ 
(ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ) ᱮᱠᱴ ᱑᱙᱗᱖ ᱼ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ II ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ XII - ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ (ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹᱱ 
ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱟᱫᱮᱥᱼ᱑᱙᱕᱐ᱼᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ - VI - ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ 
ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ᱾ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ I ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ IX ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱼ III. 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱾ 
ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1.1 ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ 
ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱤᱡ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱥ" 
ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱡᱟᱣᱜᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱚᱛᱷᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ 
ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱳᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ 
'ᱠᱳᱞᱤ' ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱛᱷᱤ, 
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱪ 'ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ' ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱱᱩᱛᱷᱤᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ 
ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, 'ᱠᱳᱞᱤ' ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ 
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱨᱰᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱶᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 
ᱱᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱥᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ 
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [Para 16] [4520H; 453-a-c] 
1.2 ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" 
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, 
ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 
ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ 
ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ 
᱾ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ, "ᱠᱩᱞᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ 
ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [Para 21] [455-D]  
1.3 ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱢᱟᱱᱟᱨ 
ᱟᱜ 24 ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱯᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ 
ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ" ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ 
STATE OF ODISHA v. DASARATHI MEHER 
 
ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 
᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱟᱥᱚᱨᱤ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱤᱢᱥᱚᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ 
ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ "ᱠᱳᱞᱤ" ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱚᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ 
ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ 
ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 
[Para 22] [455-E-H]  
1.4 ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱩᱞᱤ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱯᱚᱡᱟᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟ ᱾ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ 
ᱫᱚ "ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ 
ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱠᱳᱞᱤ' ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ 
'ᱠᱳᱞᱤ' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱾ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱨ 
ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ 'ᱠᱳᱞᱤ' ᱟᱨ 'ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱥ' ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ 
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵ
Excerpt shown. Read the full judgment & AI analysis in Lexace.