STATE OF MAHARASHTRA AND ORS. versus MANA ADIM JAMAT MANDAL

Citation: [2006] 2 S.C.R. 1142 · Decided: 08-03-2006 · Supreme Court of India · Bench: H.K. SEMA · Disposal: Dismissed
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Judgment (excerpt)

ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ 
ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱫᱤᱢ ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱛ ᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ 
 
8 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ, 2006 ᱾ 
 
[ᱮᱪ ᱠᱮ ᱥᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨᱹ ᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱠᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱᱚᱱ, ᱡᱮᱹ ᱡᱮ] 
 
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱼ1950ᱼᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ-342 ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ 
ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱚᱰᱚᱨ (ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ) ᱮᱠᱴ 1976 
ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ (ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱚᱰᱟᱨ 1950 ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ 
ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ 
ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱼ ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ 
ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ 
ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ 
ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱺ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ 
ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ 
ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ 
ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱥᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ 
ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ 
ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱽ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ 
ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ 
ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱢᱟᱱᱟ 'ᱫᱚ' ᱜᱳᱱᱰ 'ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ 
ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ 
ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾  
 
ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 342 ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ (1) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ 
ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟᱱ (ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ) ᱚᱰᱟᱨ, 1950, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ 
(2) ᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 12 ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ 
ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ, ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ, ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ, 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ 
ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 12 ᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ 
ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 'ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱱᱰ '᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ) ᱟᱠᱴ, 1956 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 63 ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱞ 
ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ 
'ᱜᱳᱱᱰ' 
ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ 
ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ 
ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ 
ᱟᱨ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ 
ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ (ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ) ᱟᱠᱴ, 1976 ᱯᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ 1950 
ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ 
STATE OF MAHARASHTRA v. MANA ADIM JAMAT MANDAL [SEMA, J.] 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 9 ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 18 ᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ, 
ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ' ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ 
ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, 'ᱢᱟᱱᱟ' ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ 
ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱛᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 'ᱢᱟᱱᱟ' ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ 
ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ 
ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱾ 
 
ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ 'ᱢᱟᱱᱟ' 
ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ 'ᱜᱚᱱᱰ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱾  
 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱾ 
 
ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱺ 1. ᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱞᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ 
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱴᱨᱤᱵᱩᱱᱮᱞ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ 
ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 
ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 
ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ 
ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ 
ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 341 ᱟᱨ 342 ᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ, ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ 
ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ 
ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱮ 
ᱟᱹᱨᱩᱯᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, 
ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ 
ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ, 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱢᱠᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 
ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 
ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [1147-E-G]  
 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱱᱫ 
ᱠᱟᱴᱩᱣᱟᱨᱮ [2001] 1 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ 4 ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ᱾  
 
ᱫᱤᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ, 38 ELR 212 ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱫᱟᱡᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱤᱱᱟ 
ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱩᱠᱫᱮᱣᱵᱟᱵᱩ, [1980] 1 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ 621, ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾  
 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2006] 2S.C.R. 
ᱥᱤ ᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱫᱨᱟᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱠᱟᱛᱷᱩᱞᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, 
[1998] 8 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ 275 ᱟᱨ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, [1998] 8 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ 704, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱰ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
Excerpt shown. Read the full judgment & AI analysis in Lexace.