SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD versus STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH & ORS

Citation: [2023] 12 S.C.R. 767 · Decided: 21-09-2023 · Supreme Court of India · Bench: D.Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.B. PARDIWALA, MANOJ MISRA · Disposal: Dismissed
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Judgment (excerpt)

[2023] 12 S.C.R. 767: 2023 INSC 865 
CASE DETAILS 
 
SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD 
V. 
STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH & ORS 
(Civil Appeal Nos. 84-85 of 2016) 
SEPTEMBER 21, 2023 
 
[2023] 12 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ 767 : 2023 ᱟᱭ ᱮᱱ ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ 865  
ᱠᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱾ 
ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨᱱ ᱠᱳᱞᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰᱥ ltd.  
ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱾ 
ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱠᱚ ᱾ 
(2016 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ 84-85) 
21 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, 2023 ᱾ 
[ᱥᱤᱡᱤᱟᱭ ᱰᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱱᱚᱧᱡᱚᱭ ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱨᱟᱪᱩᱲ ᱾  
J. B. ᱯᱚᱨᱫᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱱᱳᱡᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ, JJ ᱾] 
ᱦᱮᱰᱱᱳᱴᱥ 
 
ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱾ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱹᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ  ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱠᱚ 
ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ (ᱴᱮᱠᱥ) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟᱣ 
ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱸᱧᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱿  
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ 
ᱼ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ 244(1), 243X, 243ᱼZC, 
ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 5th ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱼ 5ᱼ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ 
ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱼ ᱴᱨᱮᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ (ᱴᱮᱠᱥ) ᱼ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱼ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ 
ᱠᱳᱞᱤᱭᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱞᱮᱧᱡᱽᱼ ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭᱛ 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2023] 12 S.C.R. 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱡᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ  ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ  
ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱭᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱫᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ 
ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮᱱᱟ,  ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ 
ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ 
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱝ 
ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱾   
ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱺ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 5(1)  ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ 
ᱟᱹᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 
ᱚᱯᱵᱟᱫᱽᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱼ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟ ᱛᱤᱱ 
ᱵᱷᱩᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱪᱚ ᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱥᱩᱪᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ 
ᱡᱟᱹᱴᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ 
ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱺ  ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱚᱫᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱮ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ 
ᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ 
ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ,  
ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ 
243X 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ, 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ 
ᱨᱮ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ (ᱠᱚᱨ) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱭ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱮᱭᱟ, 2003 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ  
ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱥᱩᱪᱱᱟ ᱪᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱩᱪᱪᱚ ᱱᱚᱭᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱱᱚᱭᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱸᱦᱟᱱ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱥᱩᱪᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱩᱯᱩᱨᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱼ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱪᱪᱚ ᱱᱭᱟᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ  
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱰᱚᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱼ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ 
ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱼ 1961 ᱼ ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ 
ᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ (ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ 
ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱹᱲ) ᱼ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱖ ᱼ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱒ (ᱥᱤ) [ᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱑᱓ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖]  
ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱣᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱹ 
 
ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱟᱨᱟᱞ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱯᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱤᱵᱤᱝ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱯᱷᱤᱠᱟᱨᱝ ᱠᱳ. 
Ltd ᱫᱟ ᱮᱢᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ, ᱱᱟᱜᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱟ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱮᱞ ᱠᱤᱢᱤᱴᱤ, 
ᱵᱟᱨᱫᱷᱟ 1958 ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ 1102ᱼ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱟᱜ 
ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱵᱚᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ 
 
 
 SOUTH EASTERN COALFIELDS LTD V. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH & 
ORS 
 
3 
 
ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱯᱮᱞᱮᱸᱴ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱥᱰᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱺ 
2016 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ 
ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ 84-85 ᱾  
2005 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1340 ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 2010 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1601 
ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱵᱟᱞᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
21.07.2010 ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾ 
ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ  
2016 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ 91-92, 89-90, 86, 87-88 ᱟᱨ 93 ᱾ 
ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱺ 
ᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱮᱴᱟᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ, ᱮᱹ ᱮᱥᱹᱡᱤ, ᱚᱥᱳᱠ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ, ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ 
ᱮᱰᱵᱷᱚᱠᱮᱴ,  ᱴᱤ ᱡᱤ ᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ ᱱᱟᱭᱚᱨ, ᱮᱢ ᱴᱤ ᱡᱳᱨᱡ, ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱨᱚᱥᱮᱠᱷᱚᱨ 
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱛᱤ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ 
ᱥᱣᱟᱛᱤ ᱮᱭᱤᱪ ᱯᱨᱟᱥᱚᱫ, ᱥᱳᱭᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱩᱥᱮᱱ 
ᱨᱤᱡᱽᱣᱤ, ᱡᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱡᱽᱣᱤ, ᱚᱥᱣᱚᱱᱤ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱩᱵᱮ, ᱠᱷᱤᱥᱛᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱰᱜᱚᱞ, 
ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱵᱽ ᱥᱩᱠᱞᱟ, ᱮᱰᱵᱚᱠᱮᱴ , ᱮᱯᱮᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ 
ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱟ, ᱮ ᱮ ᱡᱤ, ᱮᱥ ᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱚᱴ, ᱥᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱵᱚᱠᱮᱴ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱨᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱴᱟᱴᱠᱚᱨ, ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱱ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱚᱠᱩᱨ, ᱥᱩᱱᱱᱤ ᱪᱚᱣᱫᱷᱟᱚᱨᱤ, 
ᱵᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱵᱳᱱᱥᱚᱞ, ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱵᱚᱱ ᱥᱨᱤᱵᱟᱥᱚᱛᱵᱚ, ᱥᱤᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱣᱟᱛ, ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ 
ᱠᱳᱣᱥᱤᱠ, ᱨᱟᱡᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ, ᱵᱤᱠᱨᱟᱱᱛ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱥ, ᱮᱢ ᱯᱤ ᱫᱮᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛᱚ, 
ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱠ ᱟᱱᱚᱱᱫᱚ, ᱨᱟᱦᱩᱞ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, ᱮᱰᱵᱚᱠᱮᱴ,  ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱸᱴᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾ 
ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ/ᱟᱸᱫᱮ 
ᱚᱰᱟᱨ  
1. ᱚᱯᱤᱞᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱒᱖᱖ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱭᱟᱪᱤᱠᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ 
 
ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱᱵᱮᱱᱪ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ 21 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2010 ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱯᱷᱟᱹᱭᱥᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾  
2. ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱳᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱠᱴ 1956 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ 132 ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱠᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ (ᱠᱚᱨ)” 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ 6 (ᱮᱱ) ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱳᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ 
ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱳᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱡᱤᱠᱚ 
ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱡᱽᱱᱟ(ᱠᱚᱨ) ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱭ 
᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥᱢᱚᱫᱽᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ 
ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱮᱠᱴ 1961 ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱥᱴᱟᱹ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ; ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ 127(6) (ᱮᱱ) ᱨᱮ 
ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭ ᱮᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 
[2023] 12 S.C.R. 
ᱠᱚᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱴᱚᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱ 
ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭᱛᱮ 
ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ
Excerpt shown. Read the full judgment & AI analysis in Lexace.