PRADEEP KRISHEN versus UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

Citation: [1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 697 · Decided: 10-05-1996 · Supreme Court of India · Bench: A.M. AHMADI · Disposal: Disposed off
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Judgment (excerpt)

ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱤᱯ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱮᱱ 
ᱵᱷᱚᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾ 
10 ᱢᱮ, 1996 ᱾ 
[ᱮᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱚᱦᱚᱢᱫᱤ, ᱥᱤᱹ ᱡᱮᱹ, ᱵᱤᱹ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥᱹ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱱ, ᱡᱮᱹ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱾] 
ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ) ᱟᱹᱱ, 1972 ᱾ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ 26 ᱮ ᱟᱨ 35 ᱾ 
ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱᱼ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ/ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱞ 
ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ 
ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ/ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾  
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱮᱢᱤᱡ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ 
ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 32 ᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱴ ᱯᱤᱴᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ 
ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ 
ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, 
ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ) ᱮᱠᱴ, 1972 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ 
ᱠᱚ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 14 ᱟᱨ 21 ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ ᱮᱢ 
ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 48ᱼ ᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 51ᱼ ᱮ (ᱜ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ 
ᱡᱮ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱼᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫᱽ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾  
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱳᱴ ᱾ 
ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ 1.1.ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ (ᱥᱟᱢᱲᱟᱣ) 
ᱟᱭᱴᱚ, 1972 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 26 ᱮ ᱥᱮ 35 (1) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ 
ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱞᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 26 ᱮ ᱟᱨ 35 ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱳᱨᱥᱳᱯᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ 
ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ 
ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱸᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ 
ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ 
ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ, ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱤᱨ/ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ 
ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱳᱨᱥᱳᱯᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱛᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ/ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 2 S.C.R. 
ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱱ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱼᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ [711ᱼE-H]  
1.2. ᱟᱵᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱣ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱣᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ 
ᱥᱩᱨᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ 
ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ, ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ 
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 
ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ 
ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ/ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 
ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱹᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 26 ᱮ ᱟᱨ 35 
ᱥᱟᱭᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ/ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ 6 ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱼ48 ᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ 
ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱼ51 ᱮ (ᱜ) ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ 
ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[712- ᱵᱤᱼ ᱮᱯᱷ]  
ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱳᱨᱤᱡᱤᱱᱮᱞ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱥᱰᱤᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱾ 1995 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 262 ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱴ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ (ᱥᱤ) ᱾  
(ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 32) ᱾ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱤᱵ ᱫᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤ ᱠᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱦᱳᱨ ᱾  
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱥ ᱚᱱᱤᱞ ᱠᱟᱴᱤᱭᱟᱨ, ᱮᱢᱯᱤ ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱥ ᱠᱮ 
ᱟᱜᱱᱤᱦᱳᱛᱨᱤ ᱾  
ᱥᱚᱠᱮᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ 'ᱦᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱳ' ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 'ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ' ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱾  
ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ 
ᱚᱦᱚᱢᱟᱫᱤ, ᱥᱤ ᱡᱮ ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱮᱢᱤᱡ, ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱳᱯᱨᱳᱫᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ 
ᱵᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱵᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱱᱟᱢᱵᱟᱨ, ᱫᱟᱨᱟ
Excerpt shown. Read the full judgment & AI analysis in Lexace.