MEERA KANWARIA versus SUNITA AND ORS.

Citation: [2005] SUPP. 5 S.C.R. 650 · Decided: 08-12-2005 · Supreme Court of India · Bench: S.B. SINHA · Disposal: Appeal(s) allowed
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Judgment (excerpt)

ᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱳᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ 
ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱥᱩᱱᱤᱛᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ  
8 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ, 2005 
 [ᱮᱥ ᱵᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱦᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱤ ᱠᱮ ᱵᱟᱞᱟᱥᱩᱵᱨᱟᱢᱟᱱᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱱ, ᱡᱮᱹ ᱡᱮᱹ]  
 
ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ, 1950ᱼᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 15 (4), 16 (4), 330 ᱟᱨ 
332 ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱛᱼᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱼ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ 
ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱼ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱼ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ 
ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱼ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ 
ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱼ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱽ 
ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱼᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱺ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ 
ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱟᱺᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ, ᱢᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ 
ᱟᱡ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱮ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱚᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱼ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ 
ᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ 
ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱼ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ 
ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱭᱮ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ 
ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ 
ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱣ 
ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱼ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱲᱦᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱹᱟᱵᱤ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ 
ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱼᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱜᱮ ᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱼ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ 
ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱴ 1872ᱼ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤ ᱟᱠᱴ 1872 - ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ 101 ᱾  
 
ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱞ 1, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ 
ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 
ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱧᱟᱢ 
ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ 
ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ 
ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ 
ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱫᱽ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾  
 
MEERA KANWARIA v. SUNITA 
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱤᱨᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ 
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱠᱟᱶᱱᱥᱤᱞᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ 
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ 
ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥ ᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱰᱩ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ 
ᱢᱤᱫ ‘ᱠᱮ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱯᱚᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱴ, 1957 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮ 
ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ, ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ 
ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ 1 ᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ 
ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱚᱭ 
ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜ ᱢᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ 
ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ, ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ ᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱛᱷᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱤᱠᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ 
ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱤᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ 
ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ 
ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱟᱱ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ ᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱶᱟᱭ 
ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱮᱭᱟ; ᱟᱨ 
ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟᱼᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ 15(4) ᱟᱨ 
16(4) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ 
ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ 
ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱾  
 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ 
ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱩᱡ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱯᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ 
ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱦᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱤᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴ 
ᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱜᱼᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱫᱟᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱞ 
ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ 
ᱨᱚᱲ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ ᱠᱚᱭᱮ ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱾  
 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ, ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ 
 
ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱺ 1. ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ 
ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱱᱟ᱾  
ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱟᱢᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ 
ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱮᱱᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 5 S.C.R. 
ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱶᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 
ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ 
ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ 
ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱯᱤᱞᱮᱱᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ 
ᱛᱮ ᱛᱚᱠᱨᱟᱲ ᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ᱾ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱮᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ 
ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱞ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱤᱞ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ 
ᱦᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [656-E]  
 
ᱛᱷᱟᱢᱢᱟᱱᱱᱟ  ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ, [1980] 4 
ᱮᱥ ᱥᱤ ᱥᱤ 62, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱾  
 
2.1. ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ 
ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 
ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ 
ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱩᱥᱩᱪᱤᱛ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ 
ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱩᱫᱽ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ 
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ 
ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ 
ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ 
[660-G; 661-A]  
 
2.2. ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ 
ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱳᱭᱫᱤᱠ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ 
ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ
Excerpt shown. Read the full judgment & AI analysis in Lexace.